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+ ---
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+ base_model:
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+ - Qwen/Qwen3-4B
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+ language:
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+ - en
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+ license: apache-2.0
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+ tags:
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+ - agent
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+ - Agentic Learning
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+ - tool use
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+ - function-calling
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+ - multi-turn
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+ - reinforcement-learning
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+ - GRPO
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+ - BFCL
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+ task_categories:
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+ - question-answering
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+ - text-generation
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+ pipeline_tag: text-generation
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+ library_name: transformers
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+ datasets:
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+ - gorilla-llm/Berkeley-Function-Calling-Leaderboard
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+ model-index:
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+ - name: Qwen3-4B-RODS
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+ results:
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+ - task:
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+ type: function-calling
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+ name: Multi-Turn Tool Use
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+ dataset:
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+ name: BFCL V3 Multi-Turn
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+ type: gorilla-llm/Berkeley-Function-Calling-Leaderboard
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+ metrics:
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+ - type: accuracy
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+ value: 56.00
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+ name: Overall Accuracy
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+ ---
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+
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+ # RODS: Reward-Driven Online Data Synthesis for Multi-Turn Tool-Use Agents
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+
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+ [![arXiv](https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2606.19047-b31b1b.svg?logo=arXiv)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19047) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Paper-yellow?logo=huggingface)](https://huggingface.co/papers/2606.19047) [![Model](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Model-yellow?logo=huggingface)](https://huggingface.co/RuishanFang/Qwen3-4B-RODS) [![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/GitHub-Code-181717?logo=github)](https://github.com/inclusionAI/AWorld-RL/tree/main/RODS) [![Project Page](https://img.shields.io/badge/Project-AWorld-green)](https://github.com/inclusionAI/AWorld)
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+
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+ ## Model Overview
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+
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+ The **Qwen3-4B-RODS** model is a high-performance **Large Language Model (LLM)** fine-tuned for complex, multi-turn **Function Calling (FC)** and agentic tool-use tasks. Built upon the **Qwen3-4B-Instruct** base model, it has been trained using the novel **RODS (Reward-driven Online Data Synthesis)** framework combined with GRPO reinforcement learning.
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+
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+ RODS closes the loop between RL training and data generation: it repurposes the progress reward variance as a zero-cost capability boundary detector, continuously synthesizes structurally isomorphic training data at the agent's learning frontier, and manages a dynamic replay buffer that co-evolves with the policy. Starting from only **400 human-annotated seeds**, RODS achieves strong multi-turn tool-use performance with extreme data efficiency.
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+
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+ - **Base Model:** [Qwen3-4B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-4B)
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+ - **Size:** 4 Billion parameters
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+ - **Key Capability:** Advanced Multi-Turn Function Calling and Agentic Tool-Use
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+
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+ ## Evaluation Results
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+
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+ The model was evaluated on the Berkeley Function-Calling Leaderboard (BFCL).
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+
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+ ### BFCLv3 Multi-Turn Performance
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+
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+ | Model | Size | Multi-Turn (Overall) | Base | Miss Func | Miss Param | Long Context |
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+ | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
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+ | Qwen3-4B-Instruct (Base) | 4B | 22.13 | 26.50 | 21.00 | 15.50 | 25.50 |
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+ | **Qwen3-4B + RODS (ours)** | **4B** | **56.00** | **68.00** | **59.00** | **44.00** | **53.00** |
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+ | Claude-Sonnet-4-5-20250929 | - | 61.38 | 69.00 | 65.00 | 52.50 | 59.00 |
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+ | Grok-4-1-fast-reasoning | - | 58.88 | 70.50 | 59.50 | 43.00 | 62.50 |
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+ | Kimi-K2-Instruct | 1043B | 50.63 | 62.00 | 41.00 | 44.50 | 55.00 |
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+ | Qwen3-32B | 32B | 47.88 | 56.00 | 52.50 | 40.00 | 43.00 |
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+ | DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp | 671B | 44.88 | 55.00 | 49.00 | 27.00 | 48.50 |
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+ | GPT-4o-2024-11-20 | - | 42.50 | 55.50 | 34.50 | 29.00 | 51.00 |
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+
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+ -----
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+
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+ ## Training Data and Framework
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+
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+ ### RODS Framework
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+
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+ RODS is a closed-loop RL-data synthesis framework with three co-evolving modules:
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+
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+ 1. **Reward-Based Boundary Detection:** Uses GRPO rollout reward variance as a zero-cost probe to identify tasks at the agent's capability boundary, where gradient signal is richest.
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+ 2. **Skill-Aligned Synthesis Pipeline:** A multi-agent pipeline (Planner → Executor → Rewriter → Critic) generates structurally isomorphic variants that preserve API topology and dependency depth while introducing novel narratives and environment states.
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+ 3. **Dynamic Replay Buffer Management:** A dual-control lifecycle with staged injection and multi-layer retirement keeps the training pool anchored at the shifting capability boundary.
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+
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+ ### Training Details
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+
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+ - **Method:** GRPO (Group Relative Policy Optimization)
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+ - **Rollouts:** K=16 per prompt
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+ - **Training stages:**
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+ 1. Format training (100 Base samples, format reward)
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+ 2. Base reasoning (100 Base samples, progress reward)
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+ 3. Full expansion (400 samples + dynamic synthesis, progress reward)
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+ - **Synthesis backbone:** Qwen3-32B via vLLM
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+ - **Hardware:** 8x A100 (training) + 8x A100 (synthesis)
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+ - **Active training pool:** ~800 samples (400 seeds + up to 400 generated)
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+
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+ ### Usage
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+
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+ ```python
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+ from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
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+
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+ model_name = "RuishanFang/Qwen3-4B-RODS"
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+ tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
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+ model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto")
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+ ```
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+
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+ For tool-use inference, follow the [Qwen3 function calling format](https://qwen.readthedocs.io/en/latest/framework/function_call.html). The model expects tools to be provided in the system prompt and generates structured `<tool_call>` responses.
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+
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+ -----
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+
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+ ## Related Projects and Citation
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+
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+ This work is part of the open-source project **[AWorld, InclusionAI](https://github.com/inclusionAI/AWorld/)**.
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+
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+ If you use RODS in your research, please cite:
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+
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+ ```bibtex
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+ @article{fang2026rods,
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+ title={RODS: Reward-Driven Online Data Synthesis for Multi-Turn Tool-Use Agents},
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+ author={Fang, Ruishan and Lu, Siyuan and Zhuang, Chenyi and Lin, Tao},
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+ journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.19047},
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+ year={2026}
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+ }
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Contact
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+
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+ For inquiries, please contact:
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+
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+ - `fangruishan@westlake.edu.cn`