Marital therapy as a treatment for depression. Individual behavioural-cognitive therapy v. marital therapy for depression in maritally distressed couples. Spouse-aided therapy with depressed patients. Interaction of drug therapy with marital therapy in depressive patients. The London Depression Intervention Trial. Randomised controlled trial of antidepressants v. couple therapy in the treatment and maintenance of people with depression living with a partner: clinical outcome and costs. A comparison of two modalities of cognitive therapy (individual and marital) in treating depression. Effects of psychoeducational intervention for married patients with bipolar disorder and their spouses. Maritally distressed women with alcohol problems: the impact of a short-term alcohol-focused intervention on drinking behaviour and marital satisfaction. Psychotherapy alone and combined with pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression.
The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive-behavioral therapy (CT; n = 20), behavioral marital therapy (BMT; n = 19), and a treatment combining BMT and CT (CO; n = 21) in the alleviation of wives' depression and the enhancement of marital satisfaction. BMT was less effective than CT for depression in maritally nondistressed couples, whereas for maritally distressed couples the two treatments were equally effective. BMT was the only treatment to have a significant positive impact on relationship satisfaction in distressed couples, whereas CO was the only treatment to enhance the marital satisfaction of nondistressed couples. On marital interaction measures CO was the only treatment to significantly reduce both husband and wife aversive behavior and to significantly increase wife facilitative behavior. Depressed patients are often characterised by marital distress, but few studies investigate the effects of marital therapy on depressed mood and relationship dysfunction.
                Twenty-seven depressed patients experiencing marital distress were randomly assigned to either individual behavioural-cognitive therapy or marital therapy. The individual treatment condition focused on depressed mood, behavioural activity and dysfunctional cognitions, whereas in the marital condition the partner was involved in the treatment and the focus was on the communication process in the marital relationship. MANOVAs revealed that treatment led to statistically significant improvements in depressed mood, behavioural activity and dysfunctional cognitions, an increase in relationship satisfaction and improvement of communication in patients and spouses. A significant interaction effect was found, showing that marital therapy had more impact on relationship variables than the individual treatment.
                Both individual cognitive-behaviour therapy and marital therapy lead to less depressive complaints, and both treatment conditions have a positive effect on the relationship, although the effect on the relationship is significantly stronger in couples who were tested by marital therapy compared with patients who were treated individually. Twenty-three non-maritally distressed depressed patients who were married or cohabitating were randomly assigned to either individual behavioral-cognitive therapy or spouse-aided treatment. Both treatment conditions focused on depressed mood, behavioral activity, and dysfunctional cognitions, the difference being that in the spouse-aided treatment the partner was involved in all aspects of treatment, whereas in the individual condition the partner was not involved. MANOVAs revealed that treatment led to statistically significant improvement on depressed mood, behavioral activity, and dysfunctional cognitions. Treatment did not affect relationship variables (marital satisfaction, communication, and expressed emotion) for both spouses. Spouse-aided therapy was as effective as individual cognitive-behavior therapy. Comparative effects of the antidepressant drug, amitriptyline hydrochloride, marital therapy, and the drug-psychotherapy interaction effects were studied in a 12-week course of treatment of outpatient depressives. Patients were assigned randomly to four treatment groups, in a 2 times 2 factorial design: (1) drug-marital therapy; (2) drug-minimal contact; (3) placebo-marital therapy; and (4) placebo-minimal contact. Both drug and marital therapy showed substantial beneficial advantages over their control conditions, but drug therapy was faster and generally superior in symptom relief and clinical improvement. Marital therapy was superior in family role task performance and perception of the marital relationship. For reducing hostility and enhancing the perception of the marital relationship, drug therapy had a better early effect, but marital therapy had superior effects by the end of treatment. Relapse of depression is associated with a criticising attitude of the patient's partner.
                To compare the relative efficacy and cost of couple therapy and antidepressant drugs for the treatment and maintenance of people with depression living with a critical partner.
                A randomised controlled trial of antidepressant drugs v. couple therapy. The subjects were 77 people meeting criteria for depression living with a critical partner.
                Drop-outs were 56.8% [corrected] from drug treatment and 15% from couple therapy. Subjects' depression improved in both groups, but couple therapy showed a significant advantage, according to the Beck Depression Inventory, both at the end of treatment and after a second year off treatment. Adding the costs of the interventions to the costs of services used showed there was no appreciable difference between the two treatments.
                For this group couple therapy is much more acceptable than antidepressant drugs and is at least as efficacious, if not more so, both in the treatment and maintenance phases. It is no more expensive overall. Historically, depression was explained and treated intrapsychically and/or biochemically. In the 1970s theoretical propositions and treatment applications began to appear that offered that depression should be viewed cognitively (Beck 1963, 1974; Beck et al. 1979) or interpersonally (Coyne 1976a, 1976b; Klerman et al. 1984). Simultaneously, though more sporadically, marital interventions started to attract interest (Feldman 1976; Friedman 1975). The cognitive and interpersonal trends of thinking stimulated researchers to investigate the efficacy of these therapeutic modalities and to compare them with each other. Interest in these two treatments peaked with the publication of the study that emerged from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (Elkin et al. 1989). This well-known research found that the two psychotherapies were similarly effective, but that the interpersonal approach was slightly more successful with more severely depressed patients. The relative benefit of adding a structured psychoeducational intervention to standard medication treatment for married patients with bipolar disorder and their spouses was assessed. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either medication management or medication management plus a marital intervention with their spouses for an 11-month period. Patients' symptoms, functioning, and adherence to their medication regimens were measured at study entry and at 11 months. Significant effects favoring the combined treatments were observed for overall patient functioning but not for symptom levels. The marital intervention was associated with improved medication adherence. Combined psychosocial and medication treatment does not affect patients' symptom levels beyond the effects of medication alone, but it does result in significant incremental gains in overall patient functioning. To evaluate the efficacy of a short-term alcohol-focused intervention for maritally distressed women, and to explore changes in relationship functioning.
                Participants were assigned randomly to an alcohol-focused treatment or to a waiting-list control group. The waiting-list control group began the intervention at 1-month follow-up.
                The intervention took place at a research and training centre offering outpatient psychology services to the community.
                A sample of 32 women with alcohol and marital problems were recruited through the media. Participants reported protracted alcohol problems, moderate to severe impact of alcohol on social and occupational functioning, and moderate to severe marital distress.
                Measures of average alcohol consumption, marital distress, relational efficacy and depression were administered at pre- and post-therapy, and at 1, 6 and 12-month follow-up.
                The intervention involved six 1-hour sessions, consisting of clinical assessment, motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioural strategies and relapse prevention.
                At 1-month follow-up, the intervention was associated with statistically significant improvements in alcohol consumption, marital satisfaction, relational efficacy and depression, and these effects were sustained at 12-month follow-up.
                At 1-month follow-up the intervention was associated with decreased alcohol consumption and depression, and increased marital satisfaction and relational efficacy, with evidence of maintained effects at 12-month follow-up. However, it is unlikely that reduced problem drinking and improved confidence in resolving problems were the only factors producing low marital quality in these couples. Further research is needed to identify those individuals who might benefit from marital interventions. The relative efficacy of psychotherapy and combined therapy in the treatment of depression is still a matter of debate.
                To investigate whether combined therapy has advantages over psychotherapy alone.
                A 6-month randomised clinical trial compared Short Psychodynamic Supportive Psychotherapy (n=106) with combined therapy (n=85) in ambulatory patients with mild or moderate major depressive disorder diagnosed using DSM-IV criteria. Antidepressants were prescribed according to a protocol providing four successive steps in case of intolerance or inefficacy: venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, nortriptyline and nortriptyline plus lithium. Efficacy was assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Clinical Global Impression of Severity and of Improvement, and the depression sub-scale of the Symptom Checklist.
                The advantages of combining antidepressants with psychotherapy were equivocal. Neither the treating clinicians nor the independent observers were able to ascertain them, but the patients experienced them clearly.
                The advantages of combining antidepressants with psychotherapy are equivocal.
There is no evidence to suggest that marital therapy is more or less effective than individual psychotherapy or drug therapy in the treatment of depression. Improvement of relations in distressed couples might be expected from marital therapy. Future trials should test whether marital therapy is superior to other interventions for distressed couples with a depressed partner, especially considering the role of potential effect moderators in the improvement of depression.