Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing bacteriuria after multichannel urodynamic investigations: a blind, randomized study in 124 female patients. Are prophylactic antibiotics necessary during extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy? Effectiveness of ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in preventing bacteriuria caused by urodynamic study: a blind, randomized study of 192 patients. Is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary for routine urodynamic investigations? A controlled study in 100 patients. Could the incidence of postoperative urinary tract infection be reduced by reversing the sequence of vaginal cleansing and urethral catheterization? Antibiotic prophylaxis for urodynamic testing in patients with spinal cord injury: a preliminary study. Value of urinary prophylaxis with methenamine in gynecologic surgery. Prophylaxis of bacteriuria during intermittent catheterization of the acute neurogenic bladder. [Acute cystourethritis during pregnancy].
One hundred twenty-four women with chronic, persistent lower urinary tract symptoms who had been scheduled for elective urodynamic investigations at Mount Sinai's Urodynamic Investigative Unit were divided into two blind, randomized groups, receiving either a placebo or prophylactic antibiotic. At the time of urodynamic testing, the rate of unsuspected urinary tract infection was 8.1%. There was no statistically significant decrease in postinstrumentation infection rate in the group who received prophylactic antibiotics. We conclude that, given in the fashion described in the study, prophylactic antibiotics are not effective in preventing urinary tract infections caused by urodynamic testing. A randomised clinical study was carried out on patients admitted for ESWL treatment in order to establish the requirement for prophylactic treatment with antibiotics during this procedure. Patients with clinical signs of urinary tract infection, evidence of infectious stones or a positive urine culture were excluded. All other patients were consecutively randomised into 3 groups which were given either trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole or mecillinam (Group A), methenamine hippurate (Group B), or no treatment at all (Group C). Evaluation with respect to clinical signs of infection was done immediately after the treatment and 4 weeks later. In addition, a urine culture was performed 2 weeks after ESWL, i.e. 1 week after completing treatment with antibiotics and methenamine hippurate. With respect to infectious complications there were no differences between Groups A and C, between Groups B and C or between Group A and B+C, whereas an unexplained slightly higher infectious rate was recorded for Group B compared with Group A. In all patients the occurrence of bacteriuria was low (6.7%) despite the fact that almost 30% of patients had a ureteric catheter during the ESWL procedure. Patients with ureteric catheters did not present with more infectious complications than those without. All patients had a bladder catheter during ESWL. It was concluded that prophylactic treatment with antibiotics during ESWL treatment is unnecessary in all situations where an infectious aetiology is unlikely. To determine the efficacy of prophylactic ciprofloxacin in preventing urinary tract infections caused by urodynamic study (UDS).
                A total of 210 patients presenting for UDS during a 16-month period were offered enrollment in the study. A clean-catch midstream urine sample was taken 24 hours before and 48 to 72 hours after the procedure and after microscopic examination and culture were done. All patients underwent a standard UDS. The 192 patients who had sterile urine before intervention were included in the study. Randomly, 98 of the 192 patients were orally given 500 mg of ciprofloxacin 1 hour before the urodynamic intervention and 94 were not given anything. The patients who were found to have significant bacteriuria after UDS were followed up and treated properly.
                Eighteen patients (8.6%) who had significant bacteriuria in the urine culture before UDS were excluded from the study. The rate of significant bacteriuria in the urine culture after UDS was 7.3% overall, 1% in the prophylaxis group, and 14% in the controls, a significant difference (P = 0.002). The most common uropathogen was Escherichia coli (57%). Three independent risk factors were identified: not giving antibiotic prophylaxis before UDS; antibiotic use in the preceding month; and the presence of pyuria before UDS.
                Urinary tract infections after UDS decreased from 14% to 1% with a single dose of ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally before UDS. We recommend antibiotic prophylaxis for patients undergoing a UDS. The value of a prophylactic antibiotic before a routine cystometrogram has been assessed in a controlled trial of 100 patients. The infection rate was low and not statistically different in both groups. Subsequent symptoms of dysuria and haematuria had a mechanical aetiology. Postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common hospital infection after gynaecological operations. A prospective randomized study was performed to examine whether the incidence of UTI could be reduced by reversing the sequence of vaginal cleansing and urethral catheterization. Subjects were randomly allocated to: (1) urethral catheterization before vaginal cleansing; and (2) urethral catheterization after vaginal cleansing. Urine cultures were performed immediately after the procedures as the baseline, on the day of catheter removal, and two days after catheter removal. Patients were examined daily after the operation for any urinary symptoms and fever. The incidences of preoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria were similar in both groups, seven of 84 in group 1 vs. eight of 83 in group 2. Among those with negative urine culture before the operation, 77 in group 1 and 75 in group 2, there was no significant difference in postoperative bacteriuria at catheter removal (23 vs. 22) and two days later (35 vs. 42). No significant difference was noted in the incidence of UTI (5 vs. 10, P = 0.25), with a trend towards less UTI in group 1. Voiding discomfort was more common, and fever less common in group 1. There were significant associations between urine culture results at three different occasions. Bacteriuria at catheter removal is associated with a 7.2 times risk of bacteriuria two days later, 2.4 times risk of urinary symptoms and 3.2 times risk of UTI. Routine surveillance at catheter removal is not cost-effective. We conclude that postoperative bacteriuria and UTI are common. Reversing the sequence of the procedures cannot reduce the incidence. There is no evidence to change the status quo. This study was performed in order to: (i) determine the incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury after urodynamic testing; (ii) evaluate the role of antibiotic prophylaxis for such a procedure; and (iii) investigate whether pre-existing bacteriuria predisposes to the development of symptomatic UTI after urodynamic testing. Forty patients were prospectively randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive a 3-day oral course of either ciprofloxacin (18 patients) or placebo (22 patients), beginning 2 days prior to the urodynamic procedure. None of 18 (0%) patients who received ciprofloxacin developed symptomatic UTI within 5 days after the procedure compared with three of 22 (14%) subjects randomized to the placebo group; the protective efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis, however, did not attain statistical significance (P = 0.24). None of the three bacterial isolates that were responsible for symptomatic infection were grown in corresponding urine cultures prior to the procedure. These findings may serve as a pilot for a larger study. There is a high risk of postoperative bacteriuria and urinary tract infection after gynecologic surgery. Postoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria often disappears without treatment, but 15-20% of patients still require treatment for postoperative urinary tract infection. This study was carried out to assess the value of prophylactic treatment with methenamine hippurate after routine gynecologic surgery.
                This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial comprising 145 patients undergoing routine gynecologic laparotomy or vaginal plastic surgery using a Foley catheter for 24 h. Antibiotics were not used. Subjects received 1 g Hiprex or placebo twice daily for 5 days. Urine was cultured preoperatively, at catheter removal, and 2 days later. Patients with positive cultures were not given antibiotics unless they were symptomatic. The follow-up period was 1 month.
                The chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and t-test were used with level of significance at 0.05, and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
                Asymptomatic bacteriuria was diagnosed in 36 cases (50.0%) in the placebo group and 22 cases (30.1%) in the methenamine group (p = 0.02). Urinary tract infection was diagnosed in 10 cases (13.9%) in the placebo group and two cases (2.7%) in the methenamine group (p = 0.03). There were few adverse events.
                Prophylactic treatment with methenamine hippurate significantly reduces the incidence of postoperative bacteriuria and urinary tract infection. A randomized prospective study of bacteriuria control during early intermittent bladder catheterization was performed on a spinal cord injury service. The 64 male subjects underwent 16,620 catheterizations and had 83 significant episodes of infection. The infection rates among various groups were compared: 1) control patients, 2) patients treated with intravesical neomycin/polymyxin-B, 3) patients given low dose daily macrocrystals of nitrofurantoin and 4) patients given intravesical treatment and oral nitrofurantoin. There was significant reduction in infection rates when oral and intravesical antibiotics were used. A prospective study was carried out in 103/863 obstetric patients with cystitis characterized by urinary urgency and frequency, dysuria, pyuria and suprapubic discomfort in the absence of systemic symptoms such as fever and costovertebral angle tenderness. The association of symptomatic lower urinary tract infection with low-count bacteriuria (10(2)-10(5) UFC/mL of urine) was present in all the patients. The incidence of cystourethritis was about 12%, most of the infections occurred at the first trimester. To learn whether a multiple-dose of nitrofurantoin or ampicillin is safe and effective therapy for acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections, 103 symptomatic pregnant women were randomly grouped to receive oral nitrofurantoin (100 mg t.i.d.) or ampicillin (500 mg t.i.d.) for five days. Seventeen patient were excluded since they did not return for follow-up. Escherichia coli was isolated in 67% of infections. Overall cure varied from 87% to 89%, without any great differences between the regimens. Nine patients had asymptomatic bacteriuria in the course of pregnancy, four developed acute pyelonephritis and one of them had abnormal intravenous pyelogram.
Prophylactic antibiotics did reduce the risk of bacteriuria after urodynamic studies but there was not enough evidence to suggest that this effect reduced symptomatic urinary tract infections. There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of fever, dysuria or adverse reactions. Potential benefits have to be weighed against clinical and financial implications, and the risk of adverse effects.