Adjuvant prednisone therapy in pharyngitis: a randomised controlled trial from general practice. Efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Effectiveness of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of moderate to severe pharyngitis in children. Effect of an explicit decision-support tool on decisions to prescribe antibiotics for sore throat. Intranasal budesonide spray as an adjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for acute sinusitis in children. Effect on antibiotic prescribing of repeated clinical prompts to use a sore throat score: lessons from a failed community intervention study. Placebo controlled trial of systemic corticosteroids in acute childhood asthma. Short course of steroids in home treatment of children with acute asthma. Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute bronchiolitis: short-term and long-term follow-up.
Acute pharyngitis is a frequent and well-documented complaint in general practice but the associated suffering has remained largely unaddressed in the literature. Evidence, however, from five randomised controlled trials suggests that corticosteroids may be useful in relieving pain and discomfort arising from the condition.
                To determine if short-acting oral therapy with prednisone was more effective than placebo in alleviating the suffering from acute pharyngitis in adults in a general practice setting.
                Randomised placebo-controlled trial.
                General practice in Israel.
                Patients with acute pharyngitis were randomised to receive 60 mg prednisone orally for 1 or 2 days, or identical placebo treatment. The main outcome measures were throat pain, measured by a visual analogue scale at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after presentation, time off work, fever, dysphagia, recurrence of symptoms and bacterial recurrence.
                Patients treated with prednisone experienced more rapid throat pain resolution than those in the placebo group. No adverse effects were reported nor any differences between the two groups regarding either symptom or positive bacterial culture recurrence.
                Short-acting oral steroid therapy is effective for shortening throat pain duration in acute pharyngitis. Recent studies suggested that administration of corticosteroids may improve clinical outcomes in patients with severe pneumonia.
                The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of corticosteroids as an adjunctive therapy in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring hospitalization.
                An open label, prospective, randomized control study was conducted from September 2003 to February 2004 in a community general hospital in Japan.
                Thirty-one adult CAP patients who required hospitalization were enrolled.
                Fifteen patients received 40 mg of prednisolone intravenously for 3 days (steroid group). Sixteen patients did not receive prednisolone (control group). Both groups were also evaluated for their adrenal function. The primary endpoint was length of hospital stay. Secondary endpoints were duration of intravenous (IV) antibiotics and time required to stabilize vital signs. Both groups demonstrated similar baseline characteristics and length of hospital stay, and yet a shorter duration of IV antibiotics was observed in the steroid group (p < 0.05). In addition, vital signs were stabilized earlier in the steroid group (p < 0.05). These differences were more prominent in the moderate-severe subgroup but not as significant in the mild-moderate subgroup. The prevalence of relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) in both groups was high (43%), yet there was no difference in baseline characteristics between patients, with or without RAI. In multiple regression models, RAI seemed to have no influence on clinical courses.
                In moderate-severe CAP, administration of corticosteroids promotes resolution of clinical symptoms and reduces the duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy. To determine the effectiveness of a single dose of oral dexamethasone in reducing the pain associated with moderate to severe pharyngitis in pediatric patients.
                Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
                Large, urban pediatric emergency department between March 2002 and November 2003.
                Children aged 5 to 18 years with moderate to severe pharyngitis (odynophagia or dysphagia, moderate to severe pharyngeal erythema or swelling, and a McGrath Facial Affective Scale score of 0.75 or higher [scale 0.0-1.0]).
                Study patients were randomly assigned to receive 1 dose of either oral dexamethasone suspension (0.6 mg/kg with a maximum of 10 mg) or placebo of the same volume. All participants were tested for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis and treated accordingly. Daily telephone follow-up was conducted until complete resolution of sore throat.
                Primary outcome variables included hours to initial relief of sore throat and time to the complete resolution of pain. Secondary outcome variables included changes in the McGrath Facial Affective Scale score at 24 and 48 hours, persistence of associated symptoms, use of anti-inflammatory or antipyretic medication, and subsequent use of medical resources for dehydration or pain.
                A convenience sample of 150 patients was randomized to receive either dexamethasone (n = 75) or placebo (n = 75). Twenty-five patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 125 patients available for data analysis; 57 received dexamethasone and 68 received placebo. Patients who received dexamethasone reported earlier onset of pain relief (9.2 vs 18.2 hours; P<.001), fewer hours to complete resolution of sore throat (30.3 vs 43.8 hours; P = .04), and larger changes in the McGrath Facial Affective Scale score in the first 24 hours (-0.58 vs -0.43; P = .002). Children who tested negative for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci had greater pain relief with dexamethasone compared with placebo (onset of pain relief, 8.7 vs 24 hours; P = .001), less time to complete resolution of sore throat (37.9 vs 70.8 hours; P = .006), and greater changes in the McGrath Facial Affective Scale score in the first 24 hours (-0.50 vs -0.21; P<.001).
                Children with moderate to severe pharyngitis had earlier onset of pain relief and shorter duration of sore throat when given oral dexamethasone. Studies of scoring rules for sore throat have failed to show that they lower antibiotic prescription rates. The authors studied the effect of an explicit decision-support tool, incorporating a modified score, on antibiotic-prescription decisions. Four hundred and fifty family physicians received an information package, a score card, and a recording form to use during one sore-throat encounter. The physicians randomly received either a control form or an intervention form that required them to interact with the score during the clinical recording process. There was a trend towards a reduction in antibiotic prescriptions (21%, p=0.09) in the physicians using the intervention form. A greater reduction (45%, p=0.06) was observed for patients whose probabilities of infection with group A streptococcus were low. Sore-throat-scoring rules may reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions if physicians are specifically cued to use them during clinical encounters and appropriate management responses are linked to score estimates for the likelihood of group A streptococcus infection. The role of topical corticosteroids in the treatment of acute sinusitis has not been established in children.
                An attempt was made to determine the impact of topical corticosteroids as an adjunct to antibiotic treatment in the management of childhood sinusitis.
                In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 151 children with sinusitis were recruited from a general pediatric outpatient clinic and 89 completed a 3-week trial. Treatment consisted of amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium, 40 mg/kg/d tid, combined with bid nasal spray of either budesonide, 50 micrograms, to each nostril (n = 43) or placebo )n = 46_ for 3 weeks. Patients maintained daily symptom cards throughout the study and were examined by the same physician each week.
                Clinical symptoms and signs decreased significantly in both treatment groups in comparison to baseline (P < .01). We detected a significant improvement in the scores of the cough and nasal discharge at the end of second week in the budesonide group when compared with placebo (P < .05). Friedman nonparametric repeated measures ANOVA test revealed a significant decrease in the total weekly scores of cough during the second week of budesonide treatment (P < .001) in contrast to continuous decline during the second and third weeks in the placebo group (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively). While the nasal discharge score decreased significantly during the second week in the budesonide group (P < .01), no significant effect on the nasal discharge score was observed in the placebo group.
                These data suggest that topical corticosteroids may be a useful ancillary treatment to antibiotics in childhood sinusitis and effective in reducing the cough and nasal discharge earlier in the course of acute sinusitis. Infections with group A streptococcus (GAS) occur in 10% to 20% of patients with sore throats, whereas antibiotics are prescribed 50% of the time. Clinical scoring rules can more accurately predict the likelihood of GAS infection, but whether family physicians will adopt such approaches is unclear. This study sought to determine whether repeated clinical prompts to use a scoring approach could help family physicians lower antibiotic use in patients with a sore throat.
                Randomized trial in which physicians were assigned to use either (1) chart stickers that prompted them to calculate a score based on clinical findings and provided management recommendations linked to score totals or (2) a clinical checklist.
                Ninety-seven family physicians in Ontario, Canada, assessed 621 children and adults with sore throat and obtained a throat swab for culture.
                (1) Unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions given to patients with a negative throat culture and (2) overall antibiotic use.
                There were no differences between the control and intervention group in unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions (16.1% vs 20.4%, respectively, P =.29) or overall antibiotic use (27.9% vs 28.1%, P =.97). However, a number of physicians dropped out of the study; as a result, the characteristics of the physicians in the 2 groups were dissimilar in factors related to prescribing. After adjusting for these differences and patient clustering by physician, the odds ratio for the effect of the intervention on unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions was 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42, 1.40) and 0.57 for overall antibiotic use (95% CI = 0.27, 1.17).
                Chart prompts during clinical encounters to use a clinical score in the assessment of patients with a sore throat did not reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing by family physicians. The problems encountered in conducting this community-based intervention trial are discussed in relation to the negative result. In a randomised controlled trial 38 asthmatic children aged 2-11 yr who had not received regular oral or inhaled steroids during the previous year, were treated with a standard regime of nebulised salbutamol and intravenous aminophylline plus either hydrocortisone and oral prednisolone for 5 days, or placebo. The children were observed throughout their hospital stay and for 3 months afterwards. There was a greater fall in heart rates in the steroid treated group on the second day of treatment (mean diff. 16 beats/min) and at discharge (mean diff. 13 beats/min); p less than 0.025. Peak Expiratory Flow Rates recorded in 26 children, 13 in each group, showed more improvement on day 2 in those given steroids (mean diff 16% predicted); p less than 0.05. This difference was not apparent at discharge but 9 children treated with steroids were clinically wheeze-free when they left hospital compared with 3 in the placebo group, p less than 0.05. There were no differences in respiratory rate, pulsus paradoxus and arterial oxygen saturation. Trends in duration of hospital stay and relapse rate during the succeeding 3 months favoured active treatment. These findings support the use of systemic corticosteroids in addition to high dose bronchodilators to treat 'non steroid dependent' children hospitalised with acute severe asthma. A double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of the treatment of children with acute asthma at home showed that a three day course of prednisolone hastened improvement of both asthmatic symptoms and peak expiratory flow rates. Thus all asthmatic children who present with an acute attack should be considered for treatment with corticosteroids in addition to bronchodilators not only to prevent possible deterioration but also to speed recovery. Corticosteroids continue to be used by many physicians to treat infants with bronchiolitis. The aim of this study was to examine the short-term and long-term efficacy of oral corticosteroid therapy when added to beta2-agonists in infants with mild to moderate bronchiolitis (defined as the first episode of wheezing associated with low grade fever, rhinitis, tachypnea, and increased respiratory effort in a previously healthy infant during the winter months). Infants with mild to moderate bronchiolitis, were randomly assigned to receive either oral prednisone (2 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 3 days. All patients received nebulized albuterol q.i.d. during this period. Upon admission and after 3 days of therapy, a clinical score was assigned based on respiratory rate, use of accessory muscle, and the presence of wheeze. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) was also measured. On day 7, we inquired as to the well-being of each child. Two years later, the development of chronic respiratory symptoms was assessed. Thirty-eight infants were enrolled in the study; 20 received prednisone and 18 received placebo. Both groups were similar in terms of age, duration of illness prior to enrollment, pretrial medication use, clinical severity of bronchiolitis, history of atopy, and family history of atopy. After 3 and 7 days of treatment, both groups showed similar clinical improvement and there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the clinical score or in the SaO2. No major side effects were observed. Two years later, 32% of the infants continued to suffer from chronic respiratory symptoms, with a similar prevalence in both groups. We conclude that a 3-day course of oral corticosteroids is of no benefit to infants with mild to moderate bronchiolitis who are also treated with an inhaled beta2-agonist.
Oral or intramuscular corticosteroids, in addition to antibiotics, increase the likelihood of both resolution and improvement of pain in participants with sore throat. Further trials assessing corticosteroids in the absence of antibiotics and in children are warranted.