Transabdominal or totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernia repair? Laparoscopic hernioplasty. TAPP vs TEP. Prospective randomized trial comparing postoperative pain and return to physical activity after transabdominal preperitoneal, total preperitoneal or Shouldice technique for inguinal hernia repair. Laparoscopic transperitoneal versus extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair: a prospective clinical trial. A comparative study of laparoscopic extraperitoneal and transabdominal preperitoneal herniorrhaphy. A multicentric comparison of transabdominal versus totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernia repair using PARIETEX meshes. Energy sources for laparoscopic colectomy: a prospective randomized comparison of conventional electrosurgery, bipolar computer-controlled electrosurgery and ultrasonic dissection. Operative outcome and costs analysis. A randomized, controlled, clinical study of laparoscopic vs open tension-free inguinal hernia repair. Prospective, randomized controlled study: transperitoneal laparoscopic versus retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy.
Laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernias follows some principles that have already proven its efficiency, as a posterior approach and the prosthetic repair that allows a "tension-free" repair with consequent early return to work and low recurrence rate. To determine the most appropriate laparoscopic repair, we compared the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and the totally extraperitoneal (TEP) approach. Patients undergoing TAPP and TEP were compared regarding technical feasibility and difficulties, time until return to work and follow-up, including intraoperative and postoperative complications. Seventy-eight patients (108 hernias) were submitted to TAPP and 67 (100 hernias) were repaired through TEP. All data were analyzed by Yates-corrected chi-square test to qualitative analysis of each group and p < or = 0.05 was considered significant. Both procedures were indicated mainly for bilateral and/or recurrent hernias (68%). The operative time was shorter in TAPP (not statistically significant). Surgeons complained of more technical difficulties while performing the TEP approach (70% complaints of difficulty in TEP--four conversions to TAPP). There was no difference in hospital stay (mean of 30 h) and return to work (TAPP 7 days and TEP 5.5 days). Regarding the complication rate (TAPP = 20.5% and TEP = 13.5%; not significant), none were related to the pneumoperitoneum technique or its systemic effects. In the TAPP approach, two trocar site hernias occurred, and in the TEP approach, one severe cellulitis occurred, which was managed without surgical intervention. The mean follow-up period for each procedure was not the same, so the recurrence rates are not comparable statistically (rate of 1.85% in TAPP and 0 in TEP). Both techniques are safe and have the same advantages, but TAPP is easier: a better view of the anatomy is achieved, shortening the learning curve. We suggest that TAPP can be an adequate laparoscopic approach to groin hernias. A longer follow-up period and more cases are needed to determine recurrence rates. This study compares the results of two laparoscopic hernioplasties: the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and the totally extraperitoneal (TEP). Over a 43-month period 1,115 laparoscopic hernioplasties, 733 TAPP and 382 TEP, were performed in 866 patients. There were 11 major complications in the TAPP group (2 recurrences, 6 trocar hernias, 1 small-bowel obstruction, 1 trocar, and 1 dissection injury of the small bowel) compared to 1 recurrence and no intraperitoneal complications in the TEP group. Five TEP procedures required conversion to the TAPP approach, resulting in one umbilical hernia. The median time to return to work did not vary with the approach, but was prolonged in patients compensated for time off, 16 vs 8 days for noncompensated patients. Results suggested that both techniques shortened recovery and eliminated most early failures, but the totally extraperitoneal approach reduced the potential for intraperitoneal complications and may be the procedure of choice in most situations. In a prospective randomized study postoperative pain, analgesic consumption, return to physical activity and work, cosmetic result and experience with the type of operation were assessed in 86 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair by means of either the Shouldice technique (n = 34), the laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) (n = 28) or total preperitoneal (TPP) (n = 24) repair. Patients having TAPP repair had decreased visual analogue scale scores for pain on the day of operation compared with those undergoing TPP and Shouldice repair (4.8 versus 6.5 and 6.2 respectively, P = 0.02) and on the first postoperative day compared with TPP (4.0 versus 6.0, P = 0.01). There was no difference between the three groups for days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 30 after operation. Patient satisfaction with the operation, analgesic consumption, return to physical activity such as walking, driving, climbing stairs, running, bicycling and sexual intercourse, as well as return to work, was comparable in the three groups. There was a better cosmetic result after TAPP and TPP repair. This study failed to demonstrate significant benefits from laparoscopic hernia repair over the Shouldice technique. A prospective series of 106 inguinal hernias in 91 patients is studied, comparing two methods of laparoscopic hernia repair: a transperitoneal technique with preperitoneal stapled mesh fixation (TransAbdominal PrePeritoneal or TAPP-technique) performed in 33 patients, and a totally extraperitoneal placement of non stapled mesh (Totally ExtraPeritoneal Approach or TEPA-technique) performed in 58 patients. Conversions to open repair were equally frequent (5% vs. 7% respectively) and were due to adhesions, haemorrhage, irreducible intestinal loop in the hernial sac or important subcutaneous emphysema. Minor postoperative complications included regional seroma or haematoma, testicular pain and meralgia paraesthetica. There was no mortality nor long lasting complication. Recurrence rates in both groups amounted 2.7% (TAPP) and 2.8% (TEPA) respectively after a mean follow-up of 15.8 months (TAPP) and 17.6 months (TEPA). In both groups early recovery of normal activities was noted, after a mean of respectively 13.6 days (TAPP) and 12.9 days (TEPA). It is concluded that the transabdominal route and the totally extraperitoneal approach for laparoscopic herniorrhaphy are both adequate techniques for inguinal hernia repair with similar complication and short-term recurrence rates. Laparoscopic minimally invasive surgical procedures are gaining popularity. Laparoscopic hernia repair is now less controversial and more readily acceptable, with at present numerous technical modifications described in an attempt to define the best procedure. Between November 1992 and February 1995, a nonrandomized trial of laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy was performed on 115 patients with a total of 120 hernias. Of these 58 patients with 60 hernias underwent the transabdominal preperitoneal patch repair (TAPP) without plug and 57 patients with a total of 60 hernias were offered the extraperitoneal (EXTRA) approach using a distension balloon. The average operative time was 55 min for the TAPP and 50 min for the EXTRA procedure. The overall recurrence rate was 1.7% with a follow up of 1-27 months. The recurrence rate was 3.4% for the TAPP and none for the EXTRA approach. All patients returned to their normal activity within 1 week of discharge. Patients undergoing the EXTRA repair consumed less amount of narcotic analgesic than did the group undergoing the TAPP repair. Of the EXTRA group 58% did not require any analgesic, compared to 22% of the TAPP group (p < 05). There were no intraoperative complications. A total of 8 (6.9%) postoperative complications occurred in 115 patients. Four complications (6.9%) occurred in the TAPP procedure: 2 transient urinary retentions, 1 pulmonary edema, and 1 Richter's type hernia. Four (6.9%) complications occurred in the EXTRA procedure: 1 urinary retention, 2 abdominal wall ecchymoses, and 1 thoracic pain. Hospital stay was shorter for the EXTRA group: 57% were discharged the same day and 98% were discharged within 24 h of their operations for the EXTRA group compared to 10 and 84%, respectively, for the TAPP (p < 0.05). Laparoscopic extraperitoneal hernia repair can be accomplished with shorter hospitalization and less analgesic requirement than the TAPP repair. The overall incidence of complications, the recurrence rate, and the return to normal activity were not different between the two types of repair. The authors report a series of 1972 inguinal hernias treated between 1993 and 1997 by the insertion of a PARIETEX mesh via either a transabdominal-preperitoneal (TAPP) (1,290 procedures) or a totally extraperitoneal TEP approach (682 procedures). Pain scores were equivalent in both groups, while the hospital stay and time to return to normal activity was lower in the TEP group than in the TAPP group (p<0.001). In both groups, the average incidence of the total reported events (complications) was around 10% with no statistical difference. This ratio seemed to compare favorably to previously published reports. Chronic pain was extremely rare (0.6% and 0.7% in the TAPP and TEP groups, respectively). Whatever the approach was, sepsis was also very rare (1/1,526 laparoscopic procedures). These findings illustrate the local tolerance of the mesh. Recurrence rates were below 1% with no statistical difference between groups. This retrospective study demonstrates the clinically apparent local tolerance of this type of mesh. Prospective and long-term clinical results will be necessary to demonstrate that the optimized short-term tolerance of PARIETEX mesh will influence the long term functional results. The development of operative laparoscopic surgery is linked to advances in ancillary surgical instrumentation. Ultrasonic energy devices avoid the use of electricity and provide effective control of small- to medium-sized vessels. Bipolar computer-controlled electrosurgical technology eliminates the disadvantages of electrical energy, and a mechanical blade adds a cutting action. This instrument can provide effective hemostasis of large vessels up to 7 mm. Such devices significantly increase the cost of laparoscopic procedures, however, and the amount of evidence-based information on this topic is surprisingly scarce. This study compared the effectiveness of three different energy sources on the laparoscopic performance of a left colectomy. The trial included 38 nonselected patients with a disease of the colon requiring an elective segmental left-sided colon resection. Patients were preoperatively randomized into three groups. Group I had electrosurgery; vascular dissection was performed entirely with an electrosurgery generator, and vessels were controlled with clips. Group II underwent computer-controlled bipolar electrosurgery; vascular and mesocolon section was completed by using the 10-mm Ligasure device alone. In group III, 5-mm ultrasonic shears (Harmonic Scalpel) were used for bowel dissection, vascular pedicle dissection, and mesocolon transection. The mesenteric vessel pedicle was controlled with an endostapler. Demographics (age, sex, body mass index, comorbidity, previous surgery and diagnoses requiring surgery) were recorded, as were surgical details (operative time, conversion, blood loss), additional disposable instruments (number of trocars, EndoGIA charges, and clip appliers), and clinical outcome. Intraoperative economic costs were also evaluated. End points of the trial were operative time and intraoperative blood loss, and an intention-to-treat principle was followed. The three groups were well matched for demographic and pathologic features. Surgical time was significantly longer in patients operated on with conventional electrosurgery vs the Harmonic Scalpel or computed-based bipolar energy devices. This finding correlated with a significant reduction in intraoperative blood loss. Conversion to other endoscopic techniques was more frequent in Group I; however, conversion to open surgery was similar in all three groups. No intraoperative accident related to the use of the specific device was observed in any group. Immediate outcome was similar in the three groups, without differences in morbidity, mortality, or hospital stay. Analysis of operative costs showed no significant differences between the three groups. High-energy power sources specifically adapted for endoscopic surgery reduce operative time and blood loss and may be considered cost-effective when left colectomy is used as a model. The aim of this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study was to compare laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) hernia repair with a standard tension-free open mesh repair (open).
                A total of 108 low-risk patients with unilateral (primary or recurrent) or bilateral hernias were randomized to TAPP (group 1 = 52 cases) or open (group 2 = 56 cases). The outcome measures included operating time, complications, postoperative pain, return to normal activity, operating theater costs, and recurrences.
                The mean operative time was longer for the TAPP than for the open group only in unilateral primary hernias. At rest, the median Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score was higher for group 1 than group 2 at 48 h postoperatively. Mild to discomforting pain in the inguinal region after 7 days, night pain after 30 days, and inguinal hardening after 3 months were more frequent in group 2 than group 1. No significant differences were observed in return to normal activities between the groups. One hernia recurrence was observed after 1 month in group 1. TAPP was significantly more expensive than open.
                TAPP was associated with less postoperative pain than open. The increase in operating theater costs, however, was dramatic and was not compensated by shorter time away from work. TAPP should not be adopted routinely unless its costs can be drastically reduced. To evaluate the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches for endoscopic radical nephrectomy in a prospective randomized manner to assess the possible differences in the outcome related to patients' morbidity and technical difficulty for the surgeon.
                A total of 40 patients with Stage cT1-T2 were randomized into two equal groups: laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) and retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy (RRN). The patient demographics and tumor characteristics were comparable. Two surgeons with differing experience performed an equal number of procedures in both treatment arms. The outcome was compared, and the technical difficulty for the surgeon and assistant was assessed with the European scoring system.
                All procedures were completed without a need for conversion. No statistically significant differences were found between the two approaches in terms of the number and size of the trocars used, length of incision, specimen weight, pathologic stage, operative time, need for additional procedures such as adrenalectomy and/or lymph node sampling, estimated blood loss, need for blood transfusions, analgesic requirement, length of hospital stay, or the incidence of minor or major complications. All patients in the LRN group resumed oral intake on postoperative day 1, but only 75% did so in the RRN group. The technical difficulty score for either the surgeon or the assistant did not differ significantly between the two groups. Both approaches allowed complete tumor excision. The robotic assistance system (AESOP) was more difficult with RRN compared with LRN.
                This first prospective randomized study comparing LRN and RRN did not find any real difference between the two approaches in relation to patient morbidity or the technical difficulty for the surgeon.
There is insufficient data to allow conclusions to be drawn about the relative effectiveness of TEP compared with TAPP. Efforts should be made to start and complete adequately powered RCTs, which compare the different methods of laparoscopic repair.