The impact of motivational interviewing on substance abuse treatment retention: a randomized control trial of women involved with child welfare. Motivational enhancement therapy to improve treatment utilization and outcome in pregnant substance users. Motivational enhancement therapy for nicotine dependence in methadone-maintained pregnant women. Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural intervention for pregnant injecting drug users at risk of HIV infection. Enrolling and retaining mothers of substance-exposed infants in drug abuse treatment. The effectiveness of incentives in enhancing treatment attendance and drug abstinence in methadone-maintained pregnant women. Motivational interviewing to improve treatment engagement and outcome in individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse: a multisite effectiveness study. Relational Psychotherapy Mothers' Group: a randomized clinical trial for substance abusing mothers. Effectiveness of Agency for Health Care Policy and Research clinical practice guideline and patient education methods for pregnant smokers in medicaid maternity care.
Previous studies have supported the efficacy of Motivational Interviewing (MI) in increasing treatment engagement and retention among people with substance abuse disorders. However, few studies have assessed the impact of MI with coerced populations, particularly women referred to drug abuse treatment by child welfare due to prenatal drug use. Seventy-one such women who used drugs during pregnancy were randomly assigned to either receive three MI sessions or to watch two educational videos and participate in a home visit. Treatment retention group attendance and random urine analysis results were evaluated in these women during the first 8 weeks of treatment. No differences were found between the two conditions on these variables. Possible reasons for these negative findings are discussed, as are ideas for future research with coerced populations. Pregnant substance users can benefit significantly from substance abuse treatment, but treatment retention can be challenging. Two hundred pregnant substance users entering outpatient substance abuse treatment at one of four treatment programs were randomized to receive either three individual sessions of Motivational Enhancement Therapy for pregnant substance users (MET-PS) or the first three individual sessions normally provided by the program. All participants were encouraged to participate in all other treatment offered by the program. Outcome measures included treatment utilization according to clinic records, qualitative urine toxicology measures, and self-report of substance use. One hundred sixty-two (81%) participants completed the 1-month active phase. Participants attended 62% of scheduled treatment on average and reported decreased substance use during the first month of treatment, with no differences between MET-PS and treatment-as-usual (TAU) participants. There was some evidence that the efficacy of MET-PS varied between sites and that MET-PS might be more beneficial than TAU in decreasing substance use in minority participants. These results suggest that MET-PS is not more effective than TAU for pregnant substance users in general but that there might be particular subgroups or treatment programs for which MET-PS might be more or less effective than TAU. Pregnant women who are dependent on nicotine and illicit substances are at especially high risk for health complications and psychosocial problems. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) for reducing smoking during pregnancy was compared with standard-care practitioner advice in a 2-group randomized design. Participants were 63 pregnant opioid-dependent smokers seeking substance abuse treatment, methadone maintenance, and prenatal care. At a 10-week follow-up, self-report and biological measures (i.e., CO, cotinine) indicated no differences in smoking between the MET and standard-care groups. However, MET participants were more likely to have moved forward on the stage of change continuum than those in standard care. Intensive treatment for nicotine dependence, environmental interventions, and innovative harm reduction strategies are recommended to address the barriers to quitting observed in this population of pregnant women.
                (c) 2004 APA Pregnant injecting drug users were randomly assigned to: (i) individually receive a six-session cognitive-behavioural intervention in addition to their usual methadone maintenance treatment (intervention condition (I) (n = 40)); or (ii) their usual methadone maintenance treatment only (control condition (C) (n = 40)). There was no change in drug use per se in either group after the intervention. However, at 9-month follow-up the I group had significantly reduced some HIV risk-taking behaviours (in particular injecting risk behaviours). The I group reduced the needle risk associated both with "typical" use (drug use in the month before interview) and "binge" use (drug use in the month nominated as the heaviest month of drug use in the previous 6 months). The intervention had no effect on sexual risk behaviours. The finding of reduced injecting risk behaviour following the six-session intervention suggests that such an intervention may be of benefit for individuals persisting with injecting risk behaviours despite methadone maintenance treatment and the availability of sterile injection equipment. This study provided an experimental test of a drug abuse treatment enrollment and retention intervention in a sample of 103 Black mothers of substance-exposed infants. Significantly more women assigned to the Engaging Moms Program enrolled into drug abuse treatment than did women assigned to the control condition (88% vs. 46%). Sixty-seven percent of participants in the Engaging Moms Program received at least 4 weeks of drug abuse treatment compared with 38% of the control women. However, there were no differences between the groups 90 days following treatment entry. Logistic regressions revealed that readiness for treatment predicted both short-term and long-term treatment retention. The Engaging Moms Program has considerable promise in facilitating treatment entry and short-term retention, but it did not influence long-term retention. This study examined the effectiveness of short-term contingency management for eliminating cocaine use and increasing full day treatment attendance with pregnant methadone-maintained women randomly assigned to either an escalating voucher incentive schedule (n=44) or non-incentive (n=36) conditions. Full day treatment attendance and urine toxicology for cocaine and heroin were assessed and consequated for 14 days. The escalating voucher incentive schedule significantly increased full day treatment attendance and drug abstinence compared to the non-incentive schedule. These results suggest that reinforcing the co-occurrence of two required behaviors (treatment attendance and abstinence from illicit drug use) is effective, and may be an important adjunct to methadone pharmacotherapy for treating pregnant drug dependent women. Despite recent emphasis on integrating empirically validated treatment into clinical practice, there are little data on whether manual-guided behavioral therapies can be implemented in standard clinical practice and whether incorporation of such techniques is associated with improved outcomes. The effectiveness of integrating motivational interviewing (MI) techniques into the initial contact and evaluation session was evaluated in a multisite randomized clinical trial. Participants were 423 substance users entering outpatient treatment in five community-based treatment settings, who were randomized to receive either the standard intake/evaluation session at each site or the same session in which MI techniques and strategies were integrated. Clinicians were drawn from the staff of the participating programs and were randomized either to learn and implement MI or to deliver the standard intake/evaluation session. Independent analyses of 315 session audiotapes suggested the two forms of treatment were highly discriminable and that clinicians trained to implement MI tended to have higher skill ratings. Regarding outcomes, for the sample as a whole, participants assigned to MI had significantly better retention through the 28-day follow-up than those assigned to the standard intervention. There were no significant effects of MI on substance use outcomes at either the 28-day or 84-day follow-up. Results suggest that community-based clinicians can effectively implement MI when provided training and supervision, and that integrating MI techniques in the earliest phases of treatment may have positive effects on retention early in the course of treatment. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of the Relational Psychotherapy Mothers' Group (RPMG), a supportive parenting group intervention for substance abusing women. Sixty mothers receiving RPMG were compared to 67 women receiving recovery training (RT); both treatments supplemented treatment in the methadone clinics. At the end of the 6-month treatment period, RPMG mothers showed marginally significant improvement on child maltreatment (self-reported) and cocaine abuse based on urinalyses when compared with RT mothers; notably, children of RPMG mothers reported significantly greater improvement in emotional adjustment and depression than children of RT mothers. At 6 months follow-up, however, treatment gains were no longer apparent. Overall, the findings suggest that whereas supportive parenting interventions for substance abusing women do have some preventive potential, abrupt cessation of the therapeutic program could have deleterious consequences. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the extent to which tobacco exposure assessment and new patient education methods, derived from a meta-analysis and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guideline recommendations, could be provided routinely by trained Medicaid maternity care staff members and (2) to document the behavioral impact of these interventions among pregnant smokers.
                After 265 pregnant smokers were assigned at their first visit to an experimental group (n = 139) or a control group (n = 126), they received standardized risk information and were advised to quit smoking. The experimental group also received evidence-based patient education methods, including the videocassette Commit to Quit During and After Pregnancy, the publication A Pregnant Woman's Guide to Quit Smoking, and a brief counseling session. Self-report and saliva cotinine assessments of tobacco exposure were performed at baseline and at the end of pregnancy.
                A significantly higher percentage of patients quit smoking in the experimental group (17.3%) than in the control group (8.8%).
                The application of principles of organizational development and quality improvement at the management and clinical practice levels and the delivery of evidence-based health education methods by trained prenatal care providers significantly increased smoking cessation rates among pregnant Medicaid recipients.
The present evidence suggests that CM strategies are effective in improving retention of pregnant women in illicit drug treatment programs as well as in transiently reducing illicit drug use. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of MI. Overall the available evidence has low numbers and, therefore, it is impossible to accurately assess the effect of psychosocial interventions on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes.It is important to develop a better evidence base to evaluate psychosocial modalities of treatment in this important population.