Oil-soluble contrast during hysterosalpingography in women with proven tubal patency. The FLUSH trial--flushing with lipiodol for unexplained (and endometriosis-related) subfertility by hysterosalpingography: a randomized trial. Therapeutic effect of hysterosalpingography: oil- versus water-soluble contrast media--a randomized prospective study. The therapeutic effects of oil-soluble hysterosalpingography contrast medium following water-soluble hysterosalpingography contrast medium. Pregnancy rates after the use of oil-based and water-based contrast media to evaluate tubal patency. A randomized controlled trial of tubal flushing with lipiodol for unexplained infertility. Proximal tubal occlusion and salpingectomy result in similar improvement in in vitro fertilization outcome in patients with hydrosalpinx. Pregnancy rates after hysterosalpingography with oil- and water-soluble contrast media. Intramesosalpingeal injection of oxytocin in conservative laparoscopic treatment for tubal pregnancy: preliminary results.
To determine if there are therapeutic advantages to oil-soluble contrast medium compared with water-soluble medium during hysterosalpingography.A randomized, controlled trial including 56 infertile patients undergoing hysterosalpingography was performed. After a hysterosalpingogram with water-soluble contrast demonstrated tubal patency, 30 patients were randomized to receive oil-soluble contrast medium (oil group) and 26 patients received no additional contrast medium (control group). The outcome was pregnancy and timing of pregnancy in relation to hysterosalpingography. There were 18 (64%) pregnancies in the oil group and 14 (56%) pregnancies in the control group. Mean time to achieve pregnancy was shorter in the oil group: 3.8 months in the oil group compared with 6.1 months in the control group (P =.06) There was a clinically meaningful improvement in pregnancy rates between the oil group and the control group at 1 month postprocedure (relative risk [RR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6, 7.2). However, at 12 months postprocedure, the advantage was diminished. (RR 1.3, CI 0.8, 2.1)Eighteen months after hysterosalpingography, contrast does not appear to influence cumulative pregnancy rates; however, the addition of oil-soluble contrast medium to water-soluble contrast medium may have the potential to reduce the time to conception. To assess the effectiveness of flushing with the oil-soluble contrast medium lipiodol in women with unexplained infertility.
                An open randomized controlled trial design in a single centre secondary and tertiary level infertility service setting. A total of 158 women with unexplained infertility were stratified into two populations: 96 women without confirmed endometriosis and 62 women with endometriosis who had normal Fallopian tubes and ovaries. Randomization was computer-generated, with allocation concealment by opaque sequentially numbered envelopes. Lipiodol flushing was tested versus no intervention. The main outcome measures were clinical pregnancy (assessed at 6 months following randomization) and live birth.
                Lipiodol flushing resulted in a significant increase in pregnancy [48.0 versus 10.8%, relative risk (RR) 4.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61-12.21] and live birth (40.0 versus 10.8%, RR 3.70, 95% CI 1.30-10.50) rates versus no intervention for women with endometriosis, although there was no significant difference in pregnancy (33.3 versus 20.8%, RR 1.60, 95% CI 0.81-3.16) or live birth (27.1 versus 14.6%, RR 1.86, 95% CI 0.81-4.25) rates for women with unexplained infertility without confirmed endometriosis.
                Lipiodol flushing is an effective treatment for couples with unexplained infertility (based on meta-analysis data), but is particularly effective for women with endometriosis who have normal Fallopian tubes and ovaries. In a prospective randomized study, the number of pregnancies after hysterosalpingography (HSG) was estimated in 398 patients who had been infertile for longer than 1 year. Iohexol was used in 101 patients, ioxaglate in 102 patients, diatrizoate meglumine in 97 patients, and ethiodized poppy-seed oil in 98 patients. Ten months after HSG, the patient, referring physician, and/or hospital department was consulted for information about pregnancies. Questionnaires were obtained from the patients who became pregnant during the waiting period of 3 months. No differences in demographic parameters, infertility status, or diagnosis made with HSG were detected among the four contrast media groups. Significantly more patients became pregnant after HSG in the ethiodized poppy-seed oil group than in the three water-soluble contrast media groups (P less than .01). When only intrauterine pregnancies resulting in full-term births were considered, significant differences in pregnancy rates between the oil-soluble and the water-soluble contrast media groups became more obvious. In the group that received ethiodized poppy-seed oil, almost one-third of the infertile women had normal pregnancies and childbirths after HSG. Previous studies have revealed that patients who underwent hysterosalpingography (HSG) with an iol-soluble contrast medium (OSCM) rather than a water-soluble contrast medium (WSCM) had higher subsequent fertility rates. In this randomized prospective study, the fertility rates among 109 patients following HSG were found to be 31% (19/61) in the WSOM group and 38% (18/48) in the WSOM + OSCM group. No significant difference was noted between these two groups, whether their infertility was associated with endocrine factor, male factor, endometriosis, mechanical factor or some other unexplained factor. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) has assumed a diagnostic and possibly therapeutic role in the evaluation of the infertile couple. The procedure is done using either an oil-based (OBCM) or a water-based (WBCM) contrast medium. Data from several retrospective studies suggest that higher pregnancy rates may be achieved when OBCM is used. Interpretation of these results, however, may be confounded by various methodologic flaws in study design and comparisons of heterogeneous populations. We sought to compare the therapeutic benefit of OBCM and WBCM in a prospective randomized study of infertile patients, controlling for pelvic anatomy by laparoscopic assessment. We used ethiodized oil (Ethiodol) or iothalamate meglumine (Conray 60) for tubal lavage at the time of laparoscopy only in patients with normal pelvic anatomy. Of the 225 patients who had diagnostic laparoscopy in the evaluation of infertility, 40 (18%) had normal pelvic anatomy and an otherwise unremarkable evaluation. Adequate follow-up was available on 29 patients randomized to receive either OBCM (n = 15) or WBCM (n = 14). A significant difference in pregnancy rates was noted between OBCM (40%) and WBCM (14%) by chi-square analysis. No short- or long-term adverse reactions were noted. Results of this study suggest that in patients with normal pelvic anatomy as assessed laparoscopically, OBCM may offer a therapeutic benefit not evident with WBCM. To test the hypothesis that, in couples with unexplained infertility, tubal flushing with an oil-soluble media (lipiodol) would increase the pregnancy rate within 6 months compared with expectant management.
                A prospective, randomized, controlled study in which couples were allocated to either a single treatment with lipiodol or no further action.
                Two tertiary referral centers for assisted reproduction.
                Couples with a diagnosis of primary or secondary unexplained infertility based on a normal semen analysis according to World Health Organization criteria, patent fallopian tubes at hysterosalpingography or laparoscopy, and ovulatory menstrual cycles based on midluteal phase progesterone levels or ultrasonic follicle tracking.
                In those patients randomized to lipiodol, a single treatment was performed.
                Biochemical (i.e., positive pregnancy test) and clinical (i.e., fetal heart on ultrasound scan) pregnancy rates.
                Seventeen couples were randomized to lipiodol and 17 to expectant treatment. The higher pregnancy rate after lipiodol was statistically significant. There were no complications after lipiodol treatment.
                There was a statistically significantly higher pregnancy rate in couples with unexplained infertility randomized to a single tubal flush with lipiodol compared with no treatment. To evaluate and compare the clinical impact of proximal tubal occlusion and salpingectomy when performed before IVF in patients with hydrosalpinges.
                Prospective randomized study.
                Assisted reproduction unit in an obstetrics and gynecology department in a university hospital in Greece as well as assisted reproduction unit in an urban clinic in a major city in Greece.
                One hundred fifteen patients with unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinges who were candidates for IVF treatment.
                Laparoscopic proximal tubal occlusion, laparoscopic salpingectomy, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, IVF, and embryo transfer.
                Implantation rate, clinical-pregnancy rate, ongoing-pregnancy rate, abortion rate, and ectopic-pregnancy rate.
                Patients who underwent proximal tubal occlusion before IVF demonstrated significantly increased implantation, clinical-pregnancy, and ongoing-pregnancy rates compared with those with no surgical intervention and demonstrated implantation, clinical-pregnancy, and ongoing-pregnancy rates comparable to those who underwent salpingectomy.
                Proximal tubal occlusion, when performed in women with unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinges before their IVF treatment, represents a potentially beneficial surgical procedure, increasing significantly the chances for successful implantation and for clinical and ongoing pregnancy. Proximal tubal occlusion may be viewed as a valid alternative when salpingectomy is technically difficult or not feasible. Hysterosalpingography can be accomplished with either oil or water-soluble contrast medium. This randomized prospective study compared pregnancy rates in women who had hysterosalpingography with either water- or oil-soluble contrast material and were followed for six months. Fifteen of 60 (25%) patients who received water-soluble dye conceived compared with 14 of 46 (30%) patients in the oil-soluble group, a statistically insignificant difference. Furthermore, no difference in pregnancy rates within each subgroup of fertility diagnosis was detected. Intravasation was more common in patients administered oil-based contrast materials (six of 46 versus one of 60 patients, P = .02), although no serious consequences occurred. No difference in the amount of pain as assessed by pain scoring was experienced by patients in each group. The authors conclude that pregnancy rates are similar after hysterosalpingography with oil- and water-soluble contrast material, during at least the first six months after the procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the local use of oxytocin as adjuvant treatment in conservative surgery for tubal pregnancy. The patients were 25 women with laparoscopic diagnosis of tubal pregnancy who were candidates for salpingotomy. Before salpingotomy, each patient was randomly allocated to intramesosalpingeal injection of 20 IU oxytocin diluted to 20 ml with saline solution or 20 ml saline solution. The surgeon then proceeded with salpingotomy and removal of the pregnancy according to the usual technique. The main outcome measures were bleeding during salpingotomy, ease of removal of the pregnancy, bleeding at the site of the pregnancy, and need for recourse to salpingectomy. Twelve women were randomized to the oxytocin group and 13 to the control group. Examination of the surgeons' assessments of the difficulties encountered at the different stages of surgery revealed statistically significant differences between the oxytocin group and controls in each variable. In particular, the amount of endosalpingeal bleeding after removal of the pregnancy was less in the oxytocin group. In one control patient, persistent bleeding due to incomplete trophoblast removal forced the surgeon to perform salpingectomy. Our results indicate that intramesosalpingeal injection of oxytocin facilitates the performance of conservative laparoscopic treatment for tubal pregnancy.
There is evidence of effectiveness of tubal flushing with oil-soluble contrast media in increasing the odds of pregnancy and live birth versus no intervention. The limited evidence of an increase in the odds of live birth from tubal flushing with oil-soluble contrast media versus water-soluble contrast media must be interpreted cautiously. Further robust randomised trials, comparing oil-soluble versus water-soluble media and comparing water-soluble media versus no intervention, would be a useful further guide to clinical practice. Trials are also required to ascertain the place of flushing with oil-soluble contrast media compared to established treatments for unexplained infertility, such as intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilisation and compared to laparoscopic removal of endometriosis. Further research is merited to ascertain the mechanism of the fertility enhancing effect of oil-soluble media, as to whether this is a 'tubal flushing' phenomenon, an effect on the intraperitoneal environment, or an implantation enhancing effect on the endometrium.