Gastrointestinal tolerance, fat absorption, plasma ketone and urinary dicarboxylic acid levels in low-birth-weight infants fed different amounts of medium-chain triglycerides in formula. Short-term efficacy of enteral nutrition in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: a randomized, controlled trial comparing nutrient formulas. Comparison of two preterm formulas with or without addition of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). I: Effects on nitrogen and fat balance and body composition changes. Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. The early use of minimal enteral nutrition in extremely low birth weight newborns. A prospective, randomized trial of early enteral feeding after resection of upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Long-chain triglycerides reduce the efficacy of enteral feeds in patients with active Crohn's disease. The impact of oral glutamine supplementation on the intestinal permeability and incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis/septicemia in premature neonates. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight preterm infants: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) in a formula for low-birth-weight (LBW) infants on gastrointestinal tolerance, fat absorption, plasma ketone levels, and urinary dicarboxylic acid (DCA) excretion. At the start of enteral feedings, 64 LBW infants (< or = 1500 g) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental formulas. The formulas contained either 0, 17, 34, or 50% of the total fat as MCT oil. The nonfat constituents of all four formulas were the same and identical to Similac Special Care 24 (SCF). Infants were studied from the start of enteral feeding until approximately 7 days after reaching full feeds. Growth and tolerance were assessed in all infants over the entire feeding period. A 48-h balance study was conducted after enteral intake exceeded 100 kcal/kg/day for 3 days. Stool fat, plasma D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and carnitine, serum glucose, and urinary DCA levels were determined. Groups did not differ in growth, formula intake, fat absorption (76-84%), serum glucose, or plasma carnitine levels. Gastrointestinal tolerance was excellent and did not differ among groups. Plasma 3HB was significantly different (p < 0.05) only between the 0 and 50% MCT groups, 50 +/- 10 versus 120 +/- 20 microM, respectively. The excretion of urinary DCAs increased with increasing amounts of MCT in the formula. In conclusion, fat absorption and gastrointestinal tolerance were not affected by different MCT levels (0 to 50% of the total fat), but higher levels of plasma 3HB and urinary DCAs were associated with higher levels of MCT in the LBW formulas studied. The optimal dietary fat content to induce clinical remission in active Crohn's disease has been the subject of controversy. We therefore performed a prospective, randomized, controlled study to compare the effects of nutrient formulas differing in the amount of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT).
                Thirty-six patients with active Crohn's disease whose Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) was > or =150 were included in the study. A formula with 3.4 g of fat per 2000-kcal dose was used as the nutrient formula with a low-fat content (ED group), and a formula with 55.6 g of fat per 2000-kcal dose was used as the nutrient formula with a high amount of MCT (TL group).
                The rate of short-term remission induction at 6 weeks was 67% in the ED group and 72% in the TL group (p = NS). Therapy markedly reduced the high CDAI and van Hees activity index in both groups, with no significant difference in the pattern of the time-course changes. C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and low serum albumin and plasma prealbumin levels normalized over the course of therapy, with no significant difference between the 2 groups. The assessment of fatty acid fractions revealed that the triene/tetraene ratio began to increase at 2 weeks in the ED group. The serum levels of linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, almost always varied within the normal range during the treatment period in the TL group, but in the ED group, levels began to decrease significantly at 2 weeks. The levels of linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, decreased in both groups.
                Both nutrient formulas induced clinical remission in about two-thirds of patients. The results of the present study suggest that it is not necessary to restrict the amount of MCT when given in liquid form to patients with active Crohn's disease. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are included in the fat blend of several preterm formulas because of their complete absorption and rapid oxidation. The effects of two different fat blend compositions on nitrogen and fat balances and macronutrient oxidation were investigated in 28 healthy very-low-birth weight infants at 4 weeks of age. A preterm formula with a traditional corn oil/MCT blend containing 38% MCTs (MCT group) was compared to a new fat blend, designed to resemble human milk more, containing 6% MCTs (LCT group). There were no differences in nitrogen absorption or in excretion. Median nitrogen retention was 74% (MCT) vs. 71% (LCT) of intake. Fat absorption was higher (p less than 0.05) in the MCT group (88%) vs. 79% in the LCT group (median values). MCTs did not stimulate fat oxidation as measured by indirect calorimetry, so fat deposition was also higher on the MCT formula. As weight gain was not different between groups, the percentage of weight gain consisting of fat accretion was significantly (p less than 0.005) higher with the MCT formula (24% vs. 21%). On the other hand, there was no increase in percent protein accretion (both 15% of weight gain). We conclude that the existence of a slightly lower fat absorption in the healthy growing neonate fed a LCT formula compared with a MCT formula does not impair growth or nitrogen retention, but merely induces a slight decrease in the high relative fat accretion encountered in the preterm neonate. We evaluated the efficacy of probiotics in reducing the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
                A prospective, masked, randomized control trial was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of probiotics in reducing the incidence and severity of NEC among VLBW (<1500 g) infants. VLBW infants who started to fed enterally and survived beyond the seventh day after birth were eligible for the trial. They were randomized into 2 groups after parental informed consents were obtained. The infants in the study group were fed with Infloran (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis) with breast milk twice daily until discharged. Infants in the control group were fed with breast milk alone. The clinicians caring for the infants were blinded to the group assignment. The primary outcome was death or NEC (>or= stage 2).
                Three hundred sixty-seven infants were enrolled: 180 in the study group and 187 in the control group. The demographic and clinical variables were similar in both groups. The incidence of death or NEC (>or= stage 2) was significantly lower in the study group (9 of 180 vs 24 of 187). The incidence of NEC (>or= stage 2) was also significantly lower in the study when compared with the control group (2 of 180 vs 10 of 187). There were 6 cases of severe NEC (Bell stage 3) in the control group and none in the study group. None of the positive blood culture grew Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium species.
                Infloran as probiotics fed enterally with breast milk reduces the incidence and severity of NEC in VLBW infants. To gather information regarding the efficacy of early minimal enteral nutrition on overall feeding tolerance in extremely low birth weight infants.
                Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the early use of minimal enteral nutrition in extremely low birth weight infants from day 2 to day 7 vs control infants. On day 8, feeding volume in both groups were advanced by 10 ml kg(-1) day(-1) until full enteral feedings were reached. Time to full feeds, number of intolerance episodes, anthropometric measurements, peak total bilirubin levels, incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and incidence of sepsis were compared between the two groups with t-test and chi (2) test.
                Eighty-four infants were enrolled in the study but only 61 infants completed the feeding protocol. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups with regards to growth patterns, feeding tolerance, mortality, length of hospital stay and incidence of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis.
                Early minimal enteral nutrition use in extremely low birth weight infants did not improve feeding tolerance. The purpose of the study was to determine whether early postoperative enteral feeding with an immune-enhancing formula (IEF) decreases morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay in patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancer.
                Early enteral feeding with an IEF has been associated with improved outcome in trauma and critical care patients. Evaluable data documenting reduced complications after major upper GI surgery for malignancy with early enteral feeding are limited.
                Between March 1994 and August 1996, 195 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of esophageal (n = 23), gastric (n = 75), peripancreatic (n = 86), or bile duct (n = 11) cancer underwent resection and were randomized to IEF via jejunostomy tube or control (CNTL). Tube feedings were supplemented with arginine, RNA, and omega-3 fatty acids, begun on postoperative 1, and advanced to a goal of 25 kcal/kg per day. The CNTL involved intravenous crystalloid solutions. Statistical analysis was by t test, chi square, or logistic regression.
                Patient demographics, nutritional status, and operative factors were similar between the groups. Caloric intake was 61% and 22% of goal for the IEF and CNTL groups, respectively. The IEF group received significantly more protein, carbohydrate, lipids and immune-enhancing nutrients than did the CNTL group. There were no significant differences in the number of minor, major, or infectious wound complications between the groups. There was one bowel necrosis associated with IEF requiring reoperation. Hospital mortality was 2.5% and median length of hospital stay was 11 days, which was not different between the groups.
                Early enteral feeding with an IEF was not beneficial and should not be used in a routine fashion after surgery for upper GI malignancies. Elemental diets are effective treatments for active Crohn's disease. To determine which dietary constituents are of therapeutic importance, the effectiveness of four separate feeds was related to their compositions, and the findings substantiated by meta-analysis of previous dietary studies. 76 patients with active Crohn's disease were recruited. 17 were randomised to an amino acid-based elemental diet (E028), 22 to E028 with added long-chain triglyceride (E028 LCT), 18 to a semi-elemental, peptide based diet (Pepdite 2+) and 19 received E028 with added medium-chain triglyceride (E028 MCT). Disease activity fell in all groups and remission rate was negatively correlated with the amount of energy derived from LCT (r = -0.97, p = 0.016). Inflammatory indices fell in the groups (E028 + E028 MCT) containing least LCT. No other dietary constituents correlated with remission rate. A meta-analysis of published studies confirmed a negative correlation between remission rate and LCT (r = -0.63, p = 0.006) but not other constituents. The association between dietary LCT and remission rate may have pathogenic significance and allow the development of more effective enteral feeds. To examine the impact of oral glutamine (Gln) supplementation on gut integrity and on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)/septicemia of premature neonates.
                Preterm neonates (n = 101, gestational age <34 weeks, birth weight <2000 g) were randomly allocated to receive from day 3 to day 30 postpartum, either oral Gln (0.3 g/kg/day, n = 51-Gln group) or placebo (caloreen-isocaloric, n = 50-control group). Intestinal permeability was determined from the urinary lactulose/mannitol recovery (L/M ratio) following their oral administration and assessed at three time points: day 2 (before first administration), day 7 and day 30 of life. The incidence of NEC and septicemia over the study period was also recorded.
                A decrease of lactulose recovery at days 7 (p = 0.001) and 30 (p < 0.001) and a decrease of L/M ratio at day 7 (p = 0.002) were observed only in the Gln group. Lactulose recovery and L/M ratio at day 7 (p = 0.022 and p = 0.004, respectively), as well as lactulose recovery (p = 0.001), mannitol recovery (p = 0.042), and L/M ratio (p = 0.001) at day 30, were decreased in the Gln group as compared to controls. NEC and septicemia were lower in the Gln group at the end of the first week (p = 0.009 and p = 0.041, respectively) and up to the end of the study (p < 0.001 and p = 0.048, respectively).
                Oral Gln administration may have beneficial effects on intestinal integrity and the overall incidence of NEC/septicemia in preterm infants. The goal was to investigate the efficacy of orally administered probiotics in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis for very low birth weight preterm infants.
                A prospective, blinded, randomized, multicenter controlled trial was conducted at 7 NICUs in Taiwan, to evaluate the beneficial effects of probiotics in necrotizing enterocolitis among very low birth weight infants (birth weight: <1500 g). Very low birth weight infants who survived to start enteral feeding were eligible and were assigned randomly to 2 groups after parental informed consent was obtained. Infants in the study group were given Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus, added to breast milk or mixed feeding (breast milk and formula), twice daily for 6 weeks. Infants in the control group were fed with breast milk or mixed feeding. The clinicians caring for the infants were blinded to the group assignment. The primary outcome measurement was death or necrotizing enterocolitis (Bell's stage >or=2).
                Four hundred thirty-four infants were enrolled, 217 in the study group and 217 in the control group. The incidence of death or necrotizing enterocolitis (stage >or=2) was significantly lower in the study group (4 of 217 infants vs 20 of 217 infants). The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (stage >or=2) was lower in the study group, compared with the control group (4 of 217 infants vs 14 of 217 infants). No adverse effect, such as sepsis, flatulence, or diarrhea, was noted.
                Probiotics, in the form of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, fed enterally to very low birth weight preterm infants for 6 weeks reduced the incidence of death or necrotizing enterocolitis.
There is no evidence of difference between MCT and LCT on short-term growth, gastrointestinal intolerance, or necrotizing enterocolitis. Therefore, neither formula type could be concluded to improve short-term growth or have less adverse effects. Further studies are necessary because the results from the included eight studies are imprecise due to small numbers and do not address important long-term outcomes. Additional research should aim to clarify effects on formula tolerance and on long-term growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes, and include larger study populations to better evaluate effect on NEC incidence.