Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup: a double-blind study. Racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup: nebulization alone versus nebulization with intermittent positive pressure breathing. Nebulised L-epinephrine and steroid combination in the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Outpatient treatment of croup with nebulized dexamethasone. Prospective randomized double-blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosols in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup). A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dexamethasone and racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup. Nebulized budesonide is as effective as nebulized adrenaline in moderately severe croup. A randomized, controlled trial of the effectiveness of nebulized therapy with epinephrine compared with albuterol and saline in infants hospitalized for acute viral bronchiolitis. Double blind placebo controlled trial of nebulised budesonide for croup.
Racemic epinephrine has been advocated for the treatment of croup, but controlled studies have not proved it more effective than saline. Twenty patients (aged 4 months to 5 years) hospitalized with acute croup and persistent inspiratory stridor at rest were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: saline or racemic epinephrine, both nebulized and delivered by intermittent positive pressure breathing. Clinical scores were significantly improved (P less than .01) at ten and 30 minutes following the treatment with racemic epinephrine but not at 120 minutes. Racemic epinephrine was significantly more effective than saline at 10 (P less than .01) and 30 minutes (P less than .05) but not at 120 minutes after the treatment. We conclude that nebulized racemic epinephrine is effective treatment for the acute signs of croup. nan To compare the effectiveness of nebulised L-epinephrine in combination with systemic or nebulised corticosteroid with that of cool mist and systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of moderate to severe croup. PATIENTS AND methods: Children were eligible for study if they presented to the emergency department with a moderate to severe croup. Patients were randomly assigned to three groups: group 1, cool mist and intramuscular dexamethasone (n = 26); group 2, nebulised L-epinephrine and intramuscular dexamethasone (n = 31); group 3, nebulised L-epinephrine and nebulised budesonide (n = 19). The croup score, vital signs and oxygen saturation were assessed before and after medication. Adverse events, additional L-epinephrine and hospitalisation were recorded.
                Age, sex, initial croup score and vital signs were similar in all groups. Croup scores were significantly decreased over time in all treatment groups and this decrease was very evident at 30 minutes (p < 0.05). Croup scores of groups 2 and 3 were significantly lower than those of group 1 at 30 and 60 minutes but no difference was observed between groups 2 and 3 at these timepoints. The numbers of patients who had croup scores <2 at 30 and 60 minutes were higher in groups 2 and 3 than group 1 (p = 0.004 and p = 0.032, respectively). More patients in group 1 received additional L-epinephrine treatments (p = 0.014). Changes in vital signs were not different among groups when assessed over time (p > 0.05).
                This study demonstrated that with early combination treatment, croup scores improved rapidly and hospitalisation rates were low. Patients with moderate to severe croup presenting to the emergency department should receive nebulised L-epinephrine in combination with intramuscular dexamethasone or nebulised budesonide. No significant adverse effects were observed with L-epinephrine. The use of L-epinephrine has been proposed instead of racemic epinephrine in patients with moderate to severe croup because it is efficacious, well tolerated, less expensive and more readily available in many countries. To determine if treating children who have acute, moderate croup with nebulized dexamethasone sodium phosphate in the emergency department results in clinical improvement by 4 hours and a decrease in the hospitalization rate.
                Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.
                Emergency department, children's hospital.
                Fifty-five children with croup who were in moderate respiratory distress after treatment with mist for 30 minutes who met inclusion and exclusion criteria.
                Croup score, respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were assessed by one of us (D.W.J. or S.S.) before treatment and 2 and 4 hours after treatment. A staff pediatrician or senior pediatric resident, also "blind" to treatment, decided on admission to or discharge from the hospital. The differences between groups for change in croup score and hospitalization rate after treatment were analyzed.
                Evaluation of the croup scores disclosed a significant improvement in the dexamethasone-treated group compared with the placebo group at 4 hours (P=.005, Mann-Whitney U). However, the hospitalization rate was not statistically different at the end of treatment (33% vs 52%, P=.28) or after 24 hours (48% vs 60%, P=.56, Yates corrected chi(2)). Our study has 80% power to detect a two-thirds reduction in hospitalization rate. Two patients with neutropenia treated with dexamethasone had a clinical course consistent with bacterial tracheitis.
                Treatment of moderate croup with nebulized dexamethasone results in clinical improvement within 4 hours. We did not show a decrease in hospitalization rates, although our sample size was only large enough to detect a 67% reduction in the rate of hospitalization. Given the infectious complications and the absence of evidence for a sustained clinical effect, we do not recommend that patients with croup be treated with nebulized dexamethasone. Aerosolized racemic epinephrine, but not L-epinephrine, is commonly used in treating croup. The efficacy and adverse effects of nebulized racemic and L-epinephrine in the treatment of laryngotracheitis were compared. Children 6 months to 6 years of age with a croup score of 6 or above were assigned in a randomized double-blind fashion to receive either racemic (n = 16) or L-epinephrine (n = 15) aerosols. Croup score, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, fraction of inspired oxygen, and oxygen saturation were recorded before treatment and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the aerosol. Patients in both groups showed significant transient reduction of the croup score and respiratory rate following the aerosol (P less than .001), but there were no differences between treatment groups when croup score, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate were assessed over time. It is concluded that L-epinephrine is at least as effective as racemic epinephrine in the treatment of laryngotracheitis and does not carry the risk of additional adverse effects. L-Epinephrine is also more readily available worldwide, is less expensive, and can be recommended for this purpose. Seventy-two children hospitalized for croup received on admission a single dose of either 0.6 mg/kg dexamethasone or an equivalent placebo intramuscularly from randomized ampules; subsequently the same patients were randomized to receive either nebulized racemic epinephrine or saline by intermittent positive pressure breathing. Of the four treatment groups those receiving a placebo injection and nebulized saline had the slowest recovery by all criteria. Dexamethasone and nebulized epinephrine reduced the symptoms and hastened recovery, but dexamethasone was more effective by clinical evaluation at 6 and 12 hours post admission. The patients given dexamethasone had a significantly shorter hospital stay than those receiving placebo. We conclude that a single injection of a potent corticosteroid is beneficial in acute spasmodic croup. Nebulized racemic epinephrine given with an appropriate device is also effective, but the effect of epinephrine is less remarkable in patients treated with dexamethasone. Nebulized budesonide and nebulized adrenaline have been shown to be effective in the treatment of moderately severe croup. However, there has been no direct comparison of these therapies. We undertook a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study in 66 hospitalized children with viral or spasmodic croup.
                Children 0.5 to 6 years of age were assessed using a validated croup symptom score (stridor, 0 through 4; cough, 0 through 3; retractions, 0 through 3; dyspnea, 0 through 3; and color, 0 through 4) at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 12, and 24 hours after nebulization. Patients received either budesonide (2 mg/4 mL) or L-adrenaline (4 mg/4 mL) via nebulization. The primary outcome measure was change in the total croup symptom score.
                Thirty-five children received budesonide and 31 received adrenaline. There was no significant difference in baseline features, including croup score (mean [95% confidence interval]: budesonide, 7.1 [6.7-7.5]; adrenaline, 7.7 [7.3-8.1]). All patients had significant improvement from baseline, and there was not significant difference between the two treatments, as measured by change in croup scores, change in oxygen saturation, duration of hospitalization, number of subsequent treatments with systemic steroids or adrenaline, and adverse events. No child required intubation.
                This study does not show any difference in efficacy and safety between nebulized budesonide and nebulized adrenaline in the treatment of acute upper airway obstruction in patients with moderately severe croup. In previously well infants hospitalized with acute viral bronchiolitis, the effectiveness of repeated nebulized therapy with epinephrine (EPI) was compared with treatment with albuterol (ALB) or saline placebo (PLAC).
                In this randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled trial, infants received study nebulizations every 1 to 6 hours and were assessed twice daily by the research team. The primary outcome was length of hospital stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included the time from admission until the infant had normal hydration, oxygenation, and minimal respiratory distress.
                A total of 149 infants were randomized; 50 were allocated to receive racemic EPI, 51 were given ALB, and 48 received PLAC. Baseline characteristics and pre-enrollment symptoms, signs, and therapy were similar between groups. There were no group differences in the primary outcome measure, mean LOS (hours)(+/- SD): EPI = 59.8 (62), ALB = 61.4 (54), and PLAC = 63.3 (47); P =.95 by intent-to-treat analysis. Group differences were not statistically significant in any of the secondary outcomes.
                There were no group differences in the effectiveness of therapy for infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Based on these results, we do not recommend routine use of either nebulized EPI or ALB in this patient group. To determine whether nebulised budesonide improves the symptoms or shortens the duration of stay of children admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of croup.
                A prospective, randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial. Patients received either nebulised budesonide or placebo every 12 hours. The main outcome measures were duration of inpatient stay and croup scores at 30 minutes, one, two, four, 12, and 24 hours.
                87 patients (89 admissions) aged 7-116 months entered the trial. Nebulised budesonide was associated with a significant improvement in symptoms at 12 hours (95% confidence interval (CI) 1 to 3) and 24 hours (95% CI 0 to 3). Patients with an initial croup score above 3 demonstrated a significant improvement in symptoms at two hours (95% CI 1 to 3). Nebulised budesonide was also associated with a 33% reduction in the length of stay (95% CI 2% to 63%) when the confounding variables of age, initial croup score, and coryzal symptoms were taken into consideration.
                Nebulised budesonide is an effective treatment for children admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of croup.
NE is associated with clinically and statistically significant transient reduction of symptoms of croup 30 minutes post-treatment. Evidence does not favor racemic epinephrine or LE, or IPPB over simple nebulization.