Acyclovir prophylaxis in late pregnancy prevents recurrent genital herpes and viral shedding. Acyclovir suppression to prevent cesarean delivery after first-episode genital herpes. Valacyclovir prophylaxis to prevent recurrent herpes at delivery: a randomized clinical trial. A randomised placebo controlled trial of suppressive acyclovir in late pregnancy in women with recurrent genital herpes infection. Valacyclovir therapy to reduce recurrent genital herpes in pregnant women. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acyclovir in late pregnancy for the reduction of herpes simplex virus shedding and cesarean delivery. Acyclovir suppression to prevent recurrent genital herpes at delivery. [Antibiotic prophylaxis in a priori cesarean sections without a high risk of infection. Experiences of a Tunisian maternity department]. Reducing infections among women undergoing cesarean section in Colombia by means of continuous quality improvement methods.
Neonatal herpes affects about 1 in 15,000 newborns and the prognosis for disseminated disease with encephalitis is poor. We investigated whether acyclovir prophylaxis in late pregnancy effectively reduces the risk of viral shedding and, hence, of mother-to-child transmission at delivery. A prospective study was conducted. Pregnant women who had at least one episode of genital herpes during pregnancy were randomly assigned to two groups: group 1 (n=167) received oral acyclovir from 36 weeks of gestation to term; group 2 (n=121) received no treatment. Group 3 (n=201) comprised women not given prophylaxis who had a history of genital herpes, but no active episodes during pregnancy. No specific instruction were set up for obstetrical management except for cesarean section in case of a suspected herpes lesion at the time of labor. The rate of Cesarean section was 8.4% in group 1, 16.5% in group 2, and 9.9% in group 3 (p<0.001). 75% of cesareans in group 2 and 10% in group 3 were done for genital herpes. Percentage of viral shedding was, respectively, 0% (group1), 5% (group2), and 0.5%(group3) (p<0.05). These findings underline the value of antiviral prophylaxis in late pregnancy for women with a known history of genital herpes. Such prophylaxis only partly prevents neonatal herpes infection, because it is not applicable to patients with no known clinical history but may excrete the virus. To determine if suppressive acyclovir therapy given to term gravidas experiencing a first episode of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infection during pregnancy decreases the need for cesarean delivery for that indication.
                Forty-six pregnant women with first episodes of genital herpes during pregnancy were randomly assigned to receive oral acyclovir 400 mg or placebo, three times per day, from 36 weeks' gestation until delivery as part of a prospective, double-blind trial. Herpes simplex virus cultures were obtained when patients presented for delivery. Vaginal delivery was permitted if no clinical recurrence was present; otherwise, a cesarean was performed. Neonatal HSV cultures were obtained and infants were followed-up clinically.
                None of the 21 patients treated with acyclovir and nine of 25 (36%) treated with placebo had clinical evidence of recurrent genital herpes at delivery (odds ratio [OR] 0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.002-0.745; P = .002). No woman treated with acyclovir had a cesarean for herpes, compared with nine of 25 (36%) of those treated with placebo (OR 0.04, CI 0.002-0.745; P = .002). No patient in either treatment group experienced asymptomatic genital viral shedding at delivery. No neonate had evidence of herpes infection or adverse effects from acyclovir.
                Suppressive acyclovir therapy reduced the need for cesarean for recurrent herpes in women whose first clinical episode of genital HSV occurred during pregnancy. Suppressive acyclovir treatment did not increase asymptomatic viral shedding and was not harmful to the term fetus. To measure the efficacy of valacyclovir suppression in late pregnancy to reduce the incidence of recurrent genital herpes in labor and subsequent cesarean delivery.
                A total of 350 pregnant women with a history of genital herpes were assigned randomly to oral valacyclovir 500 mg twice a day or an identical placebo from 36 weeks of gestation until delivery. In labor, vulvovaginal herpes simplex virus (HSV) culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specimens were collected. Vaginal delivery was permitted if no clinical recurrence or prodromal symptoms were present. Neonatal HSV cultures and laboratory tests were obtained, and infants were followed up for 1 month after delivery. Data were analyzed using chi2 and Student t tests.
                One hundred seventy women treated with valacyclovir and 168 women treated with placebo were evaluated. Eighty-two percent of the women had recurrent genital herpes; 12% had first episode, nonprimary genital herpes; and 6% had first episode, primary genital herpes. At delivery, 28 women (8%) had recurrent genital herpes requiring cesarean delivery: 4% in the valacyclovir group and 13% in the placebo group (P = .009). Herpes simplex virus was detected by culture in 2% of the valacyclovir group and 9% [corrected] of the placebo group (P =.02). No infants were diagnosed with neonatal HSV, and there were no significant differences in neonatal complications. There were no significant differences in maternal or obstetric complications in either group.
                Valacyclovir suppression after 36 weeks of gestation significantly reduces HSV shedding and recurrent genital herpes requiring cesarean delivery.
                I. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a suppressive course of acyclovir in late pregnancy in women with recurrent genital herpes infection on the incidence of viral shedding, herpes lesion development and caesarean section for recurrent genital herpes.
                Double-blind, randomised placebo controlled clinical trial.
                A department of genitourinary medicine in Sheffield and an antenatal clinic in London.
                Pregnant women with recurrent genital herpes infection at < 36 weeks of gestation.
                Participating women were given acyclovir 200 mg four times a day (or matching placebo) from 36 weeks of gestation until the time of delivery. Women were seen weekly and viral cultures were obtained from the cervix and vulva. Decisions regarding mode of delivery were left to the discretion of the attending obstetrician.
                Delivery by caesarean section for recurrent genital herpes infection. Number of episodes of recurrent genital herpes infection and number of episodes of asymptomatic viral shedding during the treatment period. In addition blood was taken at two weekly intervals to determine acyclovir levels.
                The total number of women recruited was 63 (31 received acyclovir and 32 received placebo). The number of women undergoing delivery by caesarean section for recurrent herpes at the time of delivery was 12 (19%). The odds ratio for delivery by caesarean section in women taking acyclovir, compared with those taking placebo, was 0.44 (95% CI 0.09-1.59). The odds ratio for clinical recurrences during treatment was 0.10 (95% confidence interval 0.00-0.86) and the odds ratio for clinical recurrence or asymptomatic shedding during treatment was 0.32 (95% CI 0.05-1.56).
                This trial was unable to demonstrate that acyclovir can significantly decrease the number of caesarean section deliveries; however, the number of clinical recurrences was significantly reduced. Two episodes of asymptomatic virus shedding both occurred in women taking acyclovir. At the present time there is little evidence to suggest that acyclovir should be used outside randomised controlled trials for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes infection during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to estimate the efficacy of valacyclovir suppressive therapy in pregnant women with recurrent genital herpes.
                At 36 weeks' gestation, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 seropositive women were randomized to receive oral valacyclovir 500 mg or placebo twice daily until delivery. Genital tract and neonatal specimens were collected weekly for HSV culture and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect viral DNA from the time of randomization to delivery. Both maternal and neonatal toxicity measures were obtained.
                The 112 enrolled women (57 valacyclovir, 55 placebo) had similar HSV recurrence risks, including mean number of active HSV recurrences before randomization during the index pregnancy (1.1 +/- 1.9 vs 1.5 +/- 2.1, P = .308) and days between randomization and delivery (20.3 +/- 10.2 vs 22.0 +/- 8.9, P = .344). The number of women with clinical HSV recurrences between the time of randomization and delivery was significantly lower in the valacyclovir versus placebo group (10.5% vs 27.3%; P = .023, RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9). Shedding of HSV within 7 days of delivery was similar in the valacyclovir and placebo group (10.4% vs 12.0%, P = .804; RR 0.9, 95% CI 0.3-2.7), as was the number of women with clinical HSV lesions at delivery (5.3% vs 14.6%, P = .121; RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1-1.3). No neonates had symptomatic congenital HSV infection before discharge or up to 2 weeks' postpartum, and no clinical or laboratory safety concerns were identified.
                Administration of valacyclovir beginning at 36 weeks' gestation to women with a history of recurrent genital HSV reduced the number of women with subsequent clinical HSV recurrences. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of acyclovir in the reduction of herpes simplex virus culture and polymerase chain reaction positivity and cesarean delivery.
                Women with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus were randomized to acyclovir 400 mg three times daily or placebo from 36 weeks of gestation until delivery. A subset of daily specimens for herpes simplex virus culture and DNA polymerase chain reaction was self-collected. Analyses used chi(2), Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests.
                Lesions occurred at delivery among 11 of 78 women (14%) who received placebo and 4 of 84 women (5%) who received acyclovir (P =.08). Herpes simplex virus culture and polymerase chain reaction positivity near delivery occurred in 7% and 34% women in the placebo group and 0 and 2% in the acyclovir group (P =.03 and <.01, respectively). Cesarean delivery for herpes simplex virus occurred in 8 of the women (10%) in the placebo group and in 3 of the women (4%) in the acyclovir group (P =.17). Despite reductions in herpes simplex virus detection, 6% of the women who received acyclovir had herpes simplex virus detected by polymerase chain reaction on >20% of days. Neonatal outcomes were similar between groups.
                Acyclovir significantly reduced, but did not eliminate, herpes simplex virus lesions and detection in late pregnancy. To determine if suppressive acyclovir near term decreased the frequency of clinical recurrences at delivery in women with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection.
                We conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial in 234 women with recurrent genital herpes. Women with genital infection of any frequency were enrolled. Patients received either suppressive oral acyclovir 400 mg three times daily or an identical placebo after 36 weeks' gestation. Clinical lesions were identified, and HSV cultures were obtained at delivery. The frequencies of clinical and subclinical HSV recurrences at delivery were evaluated.
                Six percent of patients treated with acyclovir, and 14% of patients treated with placebo had clinical HSV at delivery (p = 0.046). No patients in the acyclovir group had positive HSV cultures, compared with 6% of placebo-treated patients (p = 0.029). There was no significant difference in subclinical HSV shedding in the acyclovir group (0%) compared with the placebo-treated group (3%) (p = 0.102).
                Suppressive acyclovir therapy significantly decreased the incidence of clinical genital herpes and the overall incidence of HSV excretion at delivery in patients with previous herpes infection. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of antibiotic prophylaxy on decreasing the frequency of postoperative infections after cesarean sections performed in cases with no prior indication of a high risk of infection.
                A prospective randomized study included 269 cesarean sections without a high risk of infection performed in the Maternity and Neonatology Ward of the Sousse Hospital from February 1991 to July 1991. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group received an antibiotic prophylactic treatment including cephapirine, gentamicin and metronidazole) and the second group was given no treatment.
                Antibiotic prophylactic therapy led to a reduction of infectious morbidity after cesarean section in patients without high risk o infection from 33% to 11%. A 66% rate of efficacy was observed. In addition, antibiotics given in this context led to substantial cost reduction both by reducing the cost of antibiotics prescribed in the postoperative period and by reducing the number of days of hospitalization, and thus total cost.
                This study demonstrated the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxy for cesarean sections in patients without a high risk of infection. Nevertheless, a reevaluation of the antibiotic protocols and a rigorous operative procedure are essential. Improving obstetric care in resource-limited countries is a major international health priority.
                To reduce infection rates after cesarean section by optimizing systems of obstetric care for low-income women in Colombia by means of quality improvement methods.
                Multidisciplinary teams in 2 hospitals used simple methods to improve their systems for prescribing and administering perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Process indicators were the percentage of women in whom prophylaxis was administered and the percentage of these women in whom it was administered in a timely fashion. The outcome indicator was the surgical site infection rate.
                Before improvement, prophylaxis was administered to 71% of women in hospital A; 24% received prophylaxis in a timely fashion. Corresponding figures in hospital B were 36% and 50%. Systems improvements included implementing protocols to administer prophylaxis to all women and increasing the availability of the antibiotic in the operating room. These improvements were associated with increases in overall and timely administration of prophylaxis (P<.001) in both hospitals by time series analysis, with adjustment for volume and case mix. After improvement, overall and timely administration of prophylaxis was 95% and 96% in hospital A and 89% and 96% in hospital B. In hospital A, the surgical site infection rate decreased immediately after the improvements (P<.001). In hospital B, the infection rate began a downward trend before the improvements that continued after their implementation (P =.04).
                Simple quality improvement methods can be used to optimize obstetric services and improve outcomes of care in resource-limited settings.
Women with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus should be informed that the risk of neonatal herpes is low. There is insufficient evidence to determine if antiviral prophylaxis reduces the incidence of neonatal herpes. Antenatal antiviral prophylaxis reduces viral shedding and recurrences at delivery and reduces the need for cesarean delivery for genital herpes. Limited information exists regarding the neonatal safety of prophylaxis. The risks, benefits, and alternatives to antenatal prophylaxis should be discussed with women who have a history and prophylaxis initiated for women who desire intervention.