Randomized controlled trial of slow vs rapid enteral feeding advancements on the clinical outcomes of preterm infants with birth weight 750-1250 g. Slow versus fast enteral feed advancement in very low birth weight infants: a randomized control trial. Randomized, controlled trial of slow versus rapid feeding volume advancement in preterm infants. Randomized trial of "slow" versus "fast" feed advancements on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Early enteral feeding does not affect the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis. Slow versus rapid enteral feeding advancement in preterm newborn infants 1000-1499 g: a randomized controlled trial. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight preterm infants: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Early versus delayed minimal enteral feeding and risk for necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm growth-restricted infants with abnormal antenatal Doppler results. [Necrotizing enterocolitis among preterm newborns with early feeding].
To evaluate the effect of slow vs rapid rates of advancement of enteral feed volumes on the clinical outcomes in preterm infants with 750-1250 g birth weight.
                A total of 92 stable neonates 750-1250 g and gestational age <32 weeks were randomly allocated to enteral feeding advancement of 20 mL/kg/d (n = 46) or 30 mL/kg/d (n = 46). The primary outcome was days to reach full enteral feeding, defined as 180 mL/kg/d. Secondary outcomes included rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and culture-proven sepsis, days of parenteral nutrition (PN), length of hospital stay, and growth end points.
                Neonates in the rapid-feeding advancement group achieved full enteral volume of feedings earlier than the slower advancement group. They received significantly fewer days of PN, exhibited a shorter time to regain birth weight, and had a shorter duration of hospital stay. The incidence of NEC and the number of episodes of feeding intolerance were not significantly different between the groups, whereas the incidence of culture-proven late-onset sepsis was significantly less in infants receiving a rapid feeding advancement. Excluding infants who were small for gestational age at birth, the incidence of extrauterine growth restriction was significantly reduced in the rapid-advancement group at 28 days and at hospital discharge.
                Rapid enteral feeding advancements in 750-1250 g birth weight infants reduce the time to reach full enteral feeding and the use of PN administration. Rapid-advancement enteral feed also decreases extrauterine growth restriction with improved short-term outcomes for these high-risk infants. To evaluate the tolerance of rapid advancement of enteral feeds in VLBW babies.
                Tertiary teaching hospital.
                Randomized controlled trial.
                All stable neonates with birth weight less than 1250 grams were included in the study. The primary outcome variable was the time taken to achieve full enteral feeds (defined as 180 ml/kg/day). The secondary outcome variables were incidence of Necrotizing enterocolitis (NNEC) and incidence of apnea. At 48 hours, the infants were randomized into the slow advancement group (enteral feeds advanced by increments of 15 ml/kg/day) or fast advancement group (enteral feeds advanced by increments of 30 ml/kg/day). The monitoring during feeding included daily weight record, two hourly abdominal girth charting, gastric aspirates, apnea, time taken to reach full enteral feedings and for NNEC.
                There were 53 infants who were enrolled for the study (27 in the fast advancement group and 26 in the slow advancement group). In the fast advancement group, 20 percent completed the trial; whereas 14 (53.8 percent;) in the slow advancement group completed the study. The two groups were comparable for birth weights, gestational age, sex, intrauterine growth status, Apgar and CRIB scores. The infants in the fast group reached full enteral intake of 180 ml/kg/day significantly earlier (10 +/- 1.8 days) than in the slow group (14.8 +/- 1.5 days). The two groups were comparable for episodes of feed intolerance, apnea, NNEC. Infants in the fast group regained birth weight significantly earlier (median 18 days) than in the slow advancement group (median 23 days).
                Stable VLBW neonates can tolerate rapid advancements of enteral feeding without increased risk of adverse effects. To determine whether infants who are fed initially and advanced at 30 mL/kg per day (intervention) take fewer days to get to full feedings than those who are fed initially and advanced at 20 mL/kg per day (control), without increasing their incidence of feeding complications and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We also examined whether these infants regain birth weight earlier, have fewer days of intravenous fluids, and a have shorter hospital stay.
                A randomized, controlled, single-center trial was conducted in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a community-based county hospital in Houston, Texas. Infants between 1000 and 2000 g at birth, gestational age < or =35 weeks, and weight appropriate for gestational age were allocated randomly to feedings of expressed human milk or Enfamil formula starting and advanced at either 30 mL/kg per day or 20 mL/kg per day. Infants remained in the study until discharge or development of stage > or =IIA NEC.
                A total of 155 infants were enrolled: 72 infants in the intervention group and 83 in the control group. Infants in the intervention group achieved full-volume feedings sooner (7 vs 10 days, median), regained birth weight faster (11 vs 13 days, median), and had fewer days of intravenous fluids (6 vs 8 days, median). Three infants in the intervention group and 2 control infants developed NEC for an overall incidence of 3.2% (relative risk: 1.73; 95% confidence interval: 0.30-10.06).
                Among infants between 1000 and 2000 g at birth, starting and advancing feedings at 30 mL/kg per day seems to be a safe practice and results in fewer days to reach full-volume feedings than using 20 mL/kg per day. This intervention also leads to faster weight gain and fewer days of intravenous fluids. To determine whether the rate of feed advancement affects the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
                Prospective randomized controlled trial involving 185 formula-fed infants with birth weight 501 to 1500 g and gestational age </=34 weeks. Infants were randomized into 2 groups: "slow" (n = 98), who received 15 cc/kg/d increments (a 10-day schedule to full feeds) and "fast" (n = 87), who received 35 cc/kg/d increments (a 5-day schedule to full feeds) of Similac Special Care 20 cal/oz. Feeds were increased only if well tolerated as defined by a protocol.
                The incidence of NEC (Bell stage >/=II) was similar in both groups (slow 13% and fast 9%, P =.5). The incidence of perforation (Bell stage III) was also similar in both groups (slow 4% and fast 2%, P =.8). Feeds were started at a comparable postnatal age in both groups (median age: slow 5 days and fast 4 days, P =.9). Although the neonates in the fast group attained full enteral intake earlier (median days [25th and 75th percentiles]: slow 15 [12, 21] and fast 11 [8, 15], P <.001) and regained their birth weight earlier (slow 15 [11, 20] and fast 12 [8, 15], P <.05), their ages at discharge were not statistically different (slow 47 [31, 67] and fast 43 [29, 62], P =.3)
                A greater than twofold difference in the rate of feed advancement from 15 cc/kg/d to 35 cc/kg/d did not affect the incidence of NEC >/= stage II. Factors other than feed advancement appear to be more important in the pathogenesis or progression of NEC. To begin to determine the optimal time for initiating enteral feedings, 34 sick, very low birth weight infants were prospectively selected from all neonates of less than 1,500 g (N = 116) and randomly divided into two groups. Infants were fed either on day 1 (early) or 7 (late) of life, according to a feeding protocol which included parenteral nutrition and a scheduled progression from sterile water to 2.5% dextrose, half-strength, and finally full-strength formula over seven days. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and subsequent hospital course were compared. Initiating enteral feedings on day 1 did not significantly increase the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, produce a clustering of cases, or induce an earlier onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. The overall incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in sick, very low birth weight neonates was 29% (5/17) and 35% (6/17) in the early and late groups, respectively, compared with 4.2% (2/47) in minimally sick, very low birth weight neonates. No significant differences between groups were seen in obstetrical complications, birth weight, gestational age, Apgar scores, presence of patent ductus arteriosus or intraventricular hemorrhage, use of umbilical catheterization, and respiratory or oxygen requirements. Infants fed enterally from day 1 did show a significantly higher energy and protein intake during the second week of life. These data show that providing dilute, early enteral calories does not adversely affect the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis. To evaluate whether preterm neonates weighing 1000-1499 g at birth receiving rapid enteral feeding advancement at 30 mL/kg/day attain full feedings (180 mL/kg/day) earlier than those receiving slow enteral feeding advancement at 20 mL/kg/day without increase in the incidence of feeding intolerance or necrotizing enterocolitis.
                A total of 100 stable intramural neonates weighing between 1000 and 1499 g and gestational age less than 34 weeks were randomly allocated to enteral feeding (expressed human milk or formula) advancement of 20 mL/kg/day (n = 50) or 30 mL/kg/day (n = 50). RESULTs: Neonates in the rapid feeding advancement group achieved full volume feedings before the slow advancement group (median 7 days vs. 9 days) (p < 0.001), had significantly fewer days of intravenous fluids (median 2 days vs. 3.4 days) (p < 0.001), shorter length of stay in hospital (median 9.5 days vs. 11 days) (p = 0.003) and regained birth weight earlier (median 16 days vs. 22 days) (p < 0.001). There were no statistical differences in the proportion of infants with apnea, feed interruption or feed intolerance.
                Rapid enteral feeding advancements of 30 mL/kg/day are well tolerated by stable preterm neonates weighing 1000-1499 g. The goal was to investigate the efficacy of orally administered probiotics in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis for very low birth weight preterm infants.
                A prospective, blinded, randomized, multicenter controlled trial was conducted at 7 NICUs in Taiwan, to evaluate the beneficial effects of probiotics in necrotizing enterocolitis among very low birth weight infants (birth weight: <1500 g). Very low birth weight infants who survived to start enteral feeding were eligible and were assigned randomly to 2 groups after parental informed consent was obtained. Infants in the study group were given Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus, added to breast milk or mixed feeding (breast milk and formula), twice daily for 6 weeks. Infants in the control group were fed with breast milk or mixed feeding. The clinicians caring for the infants were blinded to the group assignment. The primary outcome measurement was death or necrotizing enterocolitis (Bell's stage >or=2).
                Four hundred thirty-four infants were enrolled, 217 in the study group and 217 in the control group. The incidence of death or necrotizing enterocolitis (stage >or=2) was significantly lower in the study group (4 of 217 infants vs 20 of 217 infants). The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (stage >or=2) was lower in the study group, compared with the control group (4 of 217 infants vs 14 of 217 infants). No adverse effect, such as sepsis, flatulence, or diarrhea, was noted.
                Probiotics, in the form of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, fed enterally to very low birth weight preterm infants for 6 weeks reduced the incidence of death or necrotizing enterocolitis. We studied the effect of early (< or = 5 days) versus delayed (> or = 6 days) initiation of minimal enteral feeding (MEF) on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and feeding intolerance in preterm infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and abnormal antenatal Doppler results. We performed a randomized, nonblinded pilot trial of infants receiving early or delayed MEF in addition to parenteral feeding within 48 hours of life. Demographic data, maternal preeclampsia, antenatal steroid exposure, Doppler studies, as well as cases of NEC and feeding intolerance were all recorded. Of the 84 infants enrolled, 81 completed the study: 40 received early (median age: 2 days, range: 1 to 5 days) and 41 delayed (median age: 7 days, range: 6 to 14 days) MEF. The incidence of NEC and feeding intolerance was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.353 and p = 0.533, respectively). Birth weight was an independent risk factor for NEC in both groups. Early MEF of preterm infants with IUGR and abnormal antenatal Doppler results may not have a significant effect on the incidence of NEC or feeding intolerance. Furthermore, birth weight seems to be an independent risk factor for the development of NEC, irrespectively of the timing of MEF introduction.
                Copyright Thieme Medical Publishers. The development of necrotizing enterocolitis is a common and serious risk to newborns. It is caused by splanchnic bed vasoconstriction that can produce intestinal necrosis. The role of onset time, type and, speed enhancements of The factors of enteral feeding related with necrotizing enterocolitis genesis such as feeding onset, type and frequency are not well understood.
                The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and mortality among infants will be compared in infants whose enteral feeding was initiated 48 hours after birth to those whose feeding began on day 5 postpartum.
                A controlled clinical trial was conducted among 239 newborns weighing between 750-1,500 g and a gestation age of 27-32 weeks of gestational age. The infants were randomly assigned to two groups--135 to an early feeding regime and 104 to delayed feeding. Breast milk or formula milk was used. Feeding was begun with one ml every six hours, progressing to three hour intervals and 20 ml/kg daily. This was increased to 150 ml/kg-d if the infant condition remained stable and it manifested no oral intolerance.
                In the early feeding group, 14 (10;4 %) necrotizing enterocolitis cases occurred, and in the late feeding group, 9 (8.7 %) occurred (RR= 1.22, 95 % CI 0.49-3.20, p= 0.65). Five children died in early feeding group (3.7 %, 95% CI 1.4-8.9) and eight in late feeding group (7.7 %, 95 % CI 3.6-15.0, RR=0.46, 95 % CI 0.12-1,60, p= 0.18).
                Early enteral feeding in preterm newborns does not increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or mortality among them; however it represents nutritional advantages for these infants.
The available trial data suggest that advancing enteral feed volumes at slow rather than faster rates does not reduce the risk of necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or VLBW infants. Advancing the volume of enteral feeds at slow rates results in several days delay in regaining birth weight and establishing full enteral feeds but the long term clinical importance of these effects is unclear. The applicability of these findings to extremely preterm, extremely low birth weight or growth restricted infants is limited. Further randomised controlled trials in these populations may be warranted to resolve this uncertainty.