Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG) Overview of European pilot study of interferon beta-Ib in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Multicentre, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, phase III study of weekly, low dose, subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Interferon beta-1a in primary progressive MS: an exploratory, randomized, controlled trial. Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: results from a 3-year controlled study. A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1b on primary progressive and transitional multiple sclerosis. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group.
Previous trials of interferon beta in multiple sclerosis (MS) have shown efficacy, but the degree of clinical benefit remains uncertain, and the optimum dose is not known. We undertook a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in relapsing/remitting MS to investigate the effects of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a.
                560 patients with Kurtzke expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores of 0-5.0, from 22 centres in nine countries, were randomly assigned subcutaneous recombinant interferon beta-1a 22 microg (n=189), or 44 microg (n=184), or placebo (n=187) three times a week for 2 years. Neurological examinations were done every 3 months. All patients had MRI twice yearly and 205 had monthly scans in the first 9 months of treatment. Analysis was by intention to treat.
                Clinical data on 533 (95%) patients were available at 2 years. The relapse rate was significantly lower at 1 and 2 years with both doses of interferon beta-1a than with placebo (mean number per patient 1.82 for 22 microg group, 1.73 for 44 microg group vs 2.56 for placebo group: risk reductions 27% [95% CI 14-39] and 33 [21-44]). Time to first relapse was prolonged by 3 and 5 months in the 22 microg and 44 microg groups respectively, and the proportion of relapse-free patients was significantly increased (p<0.05). Interferon beta-1a delayed progression in disability, and decreased accumulated disability during the study. The accumulation of burden of disease and number of active lesions on MRI was lower in both treatment groups than in the placebo group.
                Subcutaneous interferon beta-1a is an effective treatment for relapsing/remitting MS in terms of relapse rate, defined disability, and all MRI outcome measures in a dose-related manner, and it is well tolerated. Longer-term benefits may become clearer with further follow-up and investigation. The beneficial effects of interferon beta have only been shown for patients in the relapsing-remitting phase of multiple sclerosis (MS). The role of interferon beta in the treatment of patients who are in the secondary progressive phase of the disease (SP-MS), and for whom no effective drug treatment is available, has not been assessed.
                In this multicentre, double-masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, outpatients with SP-MS having scores of 3.0-6.5 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) received either 8 million IU interferon beta-1b every other day subcutaneously, or placebo, for up to 3 years. The primary outcome was the time to confirmed progression in disability as measured by a 1.0 point increase on the EDSS, sustained for at least 3 months, or a 0.5 point increase if the baseline EDSS was 6.0 or 6.5. A prospectively planned interim analysis of safety and efficacy of the intention-to-treat population was done after all patients had been in the study for at least 2 years.
                358 patients with SP-MS were allocated placebo and 360 were allocated interferon beta-1b; 57 patients (31 placebo, 26 interferon beta-1b) were lost to follow-up. There was a highly significant difference in time to confirmed progression of disability in favour of interferon beta-1b (p=0.0008). Interferon beta-1b delayed progression for 9-12 months in a study period of 2-3 years. The odds ratio for confirmed progression was 0.65 (95% CI 0.52-0.83). This beneficial effect was seen in patients with superimposed relapses and in patients who had only progressive deterioration without relapses. Positive results were also obtained regarding time to becoming wheelchair-bound, relapse rate and severity, number of steroid treatments and hospital admissions, as well as on magnetic resonance imaging variables. The drug was safe and side effects were in line with previous experience with interferon beta-1b. The study was stopped after the interim results gave clear evidence of efficacy.
                Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays sustained neurological deterioration in patients with SP-MS. Interferon beta-1b is the first treatment to show a therapeutic effect in patients with SP-MS. The accepted standard treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis consists of medications for disease symptoms, including treatment for acute exacerbations. However, currently there is no therapy that alters the progression of physical disability associated with this disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether interferon beta-1a could slow the progressive, irreversible, neurological disability of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Three hundred one patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis were randomized into a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial of interferon beta-1a. Interferon beta-1a, 6.0 million units (30 micrograms¿, was administered by intramuscular injection weekly. The primary outcome variable was time to sustained disability progression of at least 1.0 point on the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Interferon beta-1a treatment produced a significant delay in time to sustained EDSS progression (p = 0.02). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the proportion of patients progressing by the end of 104 weeks was 34.9% in the placebo group and 21.9% in the interferon beta-1a-treated group. Patients treated with interferon beta-1a also had significantly fewer exacerbations (p = 0.03) and a significantly lower number and volume of gadolinium-enhanced brain lesions on magnetic resonance images (p-values ranging between 0.02 and 0.05). Over 2 years, the annual exacerbation rate was 0.90 in placebo-treated patients versus 0.61 in interferon beta-1a-treated patients. There were no major adverse events related to treatment. Interferon beta-1a had a significant beneficial impact in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients by reducing the accumulation of permanent physical disability, exacerbation frequency, and disease activity measured by gadolinium-enhanced lesions on brain magnetic resonance images. This treatment may alter the fundamental course of relapsing multiple sclerosis. This short monograph describes a trial of interferon beta-1b in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) or transitional MS. Designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot, the trial randomly placed 73 eligible patients into two groups, placebo or interferon beta-1b 8 MIU given subcutaneously every other day for two years. Significant differences favouring interferon beta-1b in the MSFC score, T2 lesion volume and TI lesion volume at 24 months were observed. Further study of interferon beta-Ib therapy in PPMS patients in warranted. Interferon (IFN) beta has repeatedly shown benefit in multiple sclerosis (MS) in reducing the rate of relapse, the disease activity as shown with magnetic resonance imaging and, to some degree, the progression of disability; however, it is unknown how much the therapeutic response depends on the dose, the subgroup involved, and the disease stage. This multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled study explored the dose-response curve by examining the clinical benefit of low dose IFN beta-1a (Rebif), 22 micro g subcutaneously once weekly, in patients with secondary progressive MS.
                A total of 371 patients with clinically definite SPMS were randomised to receive either placebo or subcutaneous IFN beta-1a, 22 micro g once weekly, for 3 years. Clinical assessments were performed every 6 months. The primary outcome was time to sustained disability, as defined by time to first confirmed 1.0 point increase on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Secondary outcomes included a sensitive disability measure and relapse rate.
                Treatment had no beneficial effect on time to confirmed progression on either the EDSS (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82 to 1.57; p = 0.45 for 22 micro g v placebo) or the Regional Functional Status Scale (HR = 0.93; 95% CI 0.68 to 1.28; p = 0.67). Other disability measures were also not significantly affected by treatment. Annual relapse rate was 0.27 with placebo and 0.25 with IFN (rate ratio = 0.90; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.27; p = 0.55). The drug was well tolerated with no new safety concerns identified. No significant gender differences were noted.
                This patient population was less clinically active than SPMS populations studied in other trials. Treatment with low dose, IFN beta-1a (Rebif) once weekly did not show any benefit in this study for either disability or relapse outcomes, including a subgroup with preceding relapses. These results add a point at one extreme of the dose-response spectrum of IFN beta therapy in MS, indicating that relapses in this phase may need treatment with higher doses than in the initial phases. Patients with primary progressive MS have atypical clinical and MRI characteristics and have been excluded from most therapeutic trials. The authors report a randomized, controlled trial restricted to primary progressive MS.
                Fifty subjects were randomized to weekly IM interferon beta-1a 30 microg, 60 microg, or placebo for 2 years. The primary endpoint was time to sustained progression in disability. Secondary outcomes included the timed 10-meter walk, nine-hole peg test, and on MRI, T2 and T1 brain lesion loads and brain and spinal cord atrophy.
                The 30- microg dose of interferon beta-1a was well tolerated, but the 60- microg dose caused severe flulike reactions and raised liver enzymes. No treatment effect was seen on the primary endpoint. Subjects on interferon beta-1a 30 microg had a lower rate of accumulation of T2 lesion load than controls (p = 0.025); subjects on 60 microg had a greater rate of ventricular enlargement than controls (p = 0.025).
                This study has demonstrated that interferon beta-1a 30 microg was well tolerated, identified useful outcome measures, but showed no efficacy on the primary outcome measure or on most of the secondary outcome measures. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of interferon beta-1b (IFNbeta-1b) in subjects with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS).
                This 3-year, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of IFNbeta-1b included 939 subjects from the United States and Canada with SPMS and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores ranging from 3.0 to 6.5. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or IFNbeta-1b (250 microg or 160 microg/m2 body surface area), administered subcutaneously every other day. The primary outcome was time to progression by > or =1.0 EDSS point (0.5 point if EDSS score was 6.0 to 6.5 at entry) confirmed at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included mean change in EDSS score from baseline, relapse-related measures, MRI activity, and a standardized neuropsychological function test.
                There was no significant difference in time to confirmed progression of EDSS scores between placebo-treated patients and either of the IFNbeta-1b treatment groups. However, IFNbeta-1b treatment resulted in improvement on secondary outcome measures involving clinical relapses, newly active MRI lesions, and accumulated burden of disease on T2-weighted MRI. Effects were similar for both IFNbeta-1b treatment groups. Neutralizing antibodies to IFNbeta-1b were detected in 23% of 250-microg and 32% of 160-microg/m2 recipients, but their presence did not consistently affect clinical or MRI outcomes. IFNbeta-1b was also well tolerated at both doses.
                Although no treatment benefit was seen on the time to confirmed progression of disability, relapse- and MRI-related outcomes showed significant benefit with both dosing regimens tested, a result consistent with the outcomes of earlier clinical trials. Inflammation and neurodegeneration may have differential impacts on disease evolution in the different forms of multiple sclerosis. However, a beneficial effect of immunomodulatory drugs should not be ruled out in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Our aim is to investigate the safety and efficacy of interferon beta-1b in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. We conducted a double-blind, stratified, randomized, parallel group, phase II pilot study where patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis or 'transitional' forms of multiple sclerosis received interferon beta-1b at doses of 8 MIU or placebo for 24 months. The main objective of the study was to investigate the safety and tolerability of interferon beta-1b. The primary efficacy variable was the time to neurological deterioration (Expanded Disability Status Scale) confirmed at 3 months. Seventy-three patients were included and three dropped out the study. More patients in the treatment arm had at least one related adverse event (94.4% versus 45.9%; p < 0.001); no other significant differences in safety endpoints were observed. Time to neurological deterioration was not different between trial arms (log-rank test, p = 0.3135). Statistically significant differences favoring treatment were observed for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite score at several timepoints, T1 and T2 lesion volume changes at 12 and 24 months, mean number of active lesions and proportion of patients with active lesions at 24 months. We conclude that interferon beta-1b is safe and well tolerated in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis and transitional multiple sclerosis. Positive effects of interferon beta on secondary clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes were observed, but a beneficial effect on Expanded Disability Status Scale progression was not demonstrated. We report a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of interferon beta-1b (IFNB) in 372 ambulatory patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Entry criteria included an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 0 to 5.5 and at least two exacerbations in the previous 2 years. One-third of the patients received placebo, one-third 1.6 million international units (MIU) of IFNB, and one-third 8 MIU of IFNB, self-administered by subcutaneous injections every other day. The primary end points were differences in exacerbation rates and proportion of patients remaining exacerbation-free. The annual exacerbation rate for patients receiving placebo was 1.27; for 1.6 MIU IFNB, 1.17; and for 8 MIU IFNB, 0.84 after 2 years. Exacerbation rates were significantly lower in both treatment groups compared with the placebo group (8 MIU versus placebo, p = 0.0001; 1.6 MIU versus placebo, p = 0.0101; and 8 MIU versus 1.6 MIU, p = 0.0086), suggesting a dosage effect. The reduction in exacerbation severity in the 8 MIU group was attributable to a twofold reduction in the frequency of moderate and severe attacks. More patients in the 8 MIU group (n = 36) were exacerbation-free at 2 years compared with the placebo group (n = 18; p = 0.007). EDSS scores changed little from baseline in both the placebo and treatment arms. Accordingly, a significant change in disability could not be discerned in this trial. Finally, in serial MRIs, MS activity was significantly less in the high-dose IFNB group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Limited data on the effect of ß-interferon treatment on PPMS exists. Only two single-centre placebo controlled trials of interferon beta have been done. Based on this review, the included studies showed that ß-interferon treatment was not associated with reduced disability progression in PPMS patients. However, the trial population was too small to allow definitive conclusions on the efficacy of ß-interferon therapy in PPMS patients. Larger research studies need to be done in patients with PPMS in order to clarify whether ß-interferon is effective in this population.