Home-based management can achieve intensification cost-effectively in type I diabetes. Home based management in multiple sclerosis: results of a randomised controlled trial. A randomized controlled study of a home health care team. Evaluation of the transprofessional model of home health care for HIV/AIDS. Efficacy of an individualized written home-management plan in the control of moderate persistent asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. Can just-in-time, evidence-based "reminders" improve pain management among home health care nurses and their patients? Outcome of a controlled trial of the effectiveness of intensive case management for chronic public inebriates. Home vs hospital care of children with behavior disorders. A controlled investigation. A controlled trial of home-based acute psychiatric services. I: Clinical and social outcome.
Newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetic children are most often admitted to hospital for education and insulin management and subsequently followed in outpatient clinics or office settings. However, most could be managed at home, given adequate family and health care team support and subsequent follow-up facilitated by home-based nursing intervention. We conducted a randomized trial of clinical, psychosocial, and cost effects of home-based management in a 2-year follow-up study of newly diagnosed diabetic children.
                Sixty three patients were randomly assigned to traditional hospitalization and outpatient follow-up (hospital-based group) or home management (home-based group). Treatment differences between the two groups consisted of duration of initial hospital stay, site and timing of initial teaching, and nature and extent of subsequent nursing follow-up. Metabolic control was assessed by means of quarterly glycosylated hemoglobin measurements for 24 months and then at 36 months. Diabetes-related adverse events, knowledge of diabetes, adherence to the diabetes regimen, psychosocial impact, and social (total) costs incurred were assessed for 24 months.
                Glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations were significantly lower in the home-based group at 12 to 24 months and at 36 months. Both groups had comparable numbers of diabetes-related adverse events. There were no significant group differences in psychosocial impact. Parents in the home-based group spent significantly fewer hours on diabetes care and incurred significantly lower out-of-pocket expenses during the 1st month. Health care sector costs were significantly higher. Hospital costs were $889 higher, and government costs $890 higher per child. Social (total) costs were only $48 higher per case (NS) with home care when parents' time was valued at $11.88 per hour.
                Home-based management for newly diagnosed diabetic children can result in better metabolic control and similar psychosocial outcomes compared with traditional hospital- and clinic-based care without notable effects on social (total) costs. Home based medical care is a popular alternative to standard hospital care but there is uncertainty about its cost-effectiveness.
                To compare the effectiveness and the costs of multidisciplinary home based care in multiple sclerosis with hospital care in a prospective randomised controlled trial with a one year follow up.
                201 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis were studied. They were randomised in a ratio 2:1 to an intervention group (133) or a control group (68). They were assessed at baseline and one year after randomisation with validated measures of physical and psychological impairment and quality of life (SF-36 health survey). The costs to the National Health Service over the one year follow up were calculated by a cost minimisation analysis.
                There were no differences in functional status between the home based care group and the hospital group. There was a significant difference between the two groups favouring home based management in four SF-36 health dimensions-general health, bodily pain, role-emotional, and social functioning (all p < or = 0.001). The cost of home based care was slightly less (822 euros/patient/year) than hospital care, mainly as a result of a reduction in hospital admissions.
                Comprehensive planning of home based intervention implemented by an interdisciplinary team and designed specifically for people with multiple sclerosis may provide a cost-effective approach to management and improve the quality of life. This report describes the findings of a randomized study of a new team approach to home care for homebound chronically or terminally ill elderly. The team includes a physician, nurse practitioner, and social worker delivering primary health care in the patient's home, including physician house calls. Weekly team conferences assure coordination of patient care. The team is available for emergency consultation through a 24-hour telephone service. The team physician attends to the patient during necessary hospitalizations. This approach was evaluated in a randomized experimental design study measuring its impact on health care utilization, functional changes in patients, and patient and caretaker satisfaction. The team patients had fewer hospitalizations, nursing home admissions, and outpatient visits than the controls. They were more often able to die at home, if this was their wish. As expected, they used more in-home services, measured in weighted cost figures; their overall cost was lower than their controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. Their functional abilities did not change differently from the controls, but they, and especially their informal caretakers in the home, expressed significantly higher satisfaction with the care received. To determine if a Transprofessional care-management approach (experimental group) produces savings in service delivery dollars when compared to a Traditional treatment approach (control group). The care-management approach utilizes an interdisciplinary mix of allied health professionals who adhere to a service delivery protocol based on active, medical, surgical treatment (curative services) as well as on pain, symptoms, and emotional care (palliative services).
                Data were collected from 549 AIDS patients admitted for medical/surgical home-care services to the Visiting Nurse Association of Los Angeles (VNA-LA). Demographic and disease-specific data were collected from admitting records; service-utilization data were collected from the VNA-LA's computerized data system.
                Upon admission for home-care services, patients were randomly assigned to an experimental (Transprofessional) or control (Traditional) treatment group. Service levels were comparable.
                Post-test measures indicate an 8 percent reduction in labor delivery costs for an average experimental patient's entire episode of home-care versus for an average control patient's.
                An integrated model of service delivery, which is based on interdiscriplinary, care-management and blended modalities of service, provides a cost-effective method in the provision of home-care services for terminally ill AIDS patients. The management of childhood asthma necessitates a comprehensive approach including pharmacological treatment as well as education about self-evaluation and home management of the condition.
                To evaluate the efficacy of adding an individualized written home-management plan in the control of moderate persistent asthma.
                Children with moderate persistent asthma were randomized to receive either an individualized written home-management plan or no plan, in addition to standard asthma therapy including education. They were followed up with serial measurement of outcome variables.
                Children receiving an individualized written home-management plan had fewer acute asthma events, fewer lost school days, lower symptom score and less nocturnal awakening than those who did not receive a written plan.
                The addition of a written individualized home-management plan improves overall control in children with moderate persistent asthma. The purpose of this randomized, controlled, home care intervention was to test the effectiveness of two nurse-targeted, e-mail-based interventions to increase home care nurses' adherence to pain assessment and management guidelines, and to improve patient outcomes. Nurses from a large urban non-profit home care organization were assigned to usual care or one of two interventions upon identification of an eligible cancer patient with pain. The basic intervention consisted of a patient-specific, one-time e-mail reminder highlighting six pain-specific clinical recommendations. The augmented intervention supplemented the initial e-mail reminder with provider prompts, patient education material, and clinical nurse specialist outreach. Over 300 nurses were randomized and outcomes of 673 of their patients were reviewed. Data collection involved clinical record abstraction of nurse care practices and patient interviews completed approximately 45 days after start of care. The intervention had limited effect on nurse-documented care practices but patient outcomes were positively influenced. Patients in the augmented group improved significantly over the control group in ratings of pain intensity at its worst, whereas patients in the basic group had better ratings of pain intensity on average. Other outcomes measures were also positively influenced but did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that although reminders have some role in improving cancer pain management, a more intensive approach is needed for a generalized nursing workforce with limited recent exposure to state-of-the-art pain management practices. The objective of this study was to test whether an intensive case management intervention would be effective with a group of homeless chronic public inebriate clients. The primary goals of the case management were to improve the financial and residential stability of the clients and to reduce their use of alcohol.
                Subjects (N = 298, 81% male) were interviewed at baseline, randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions and given follow-up interviews at 6-month intervals for 2 years. Case management services were provided for the duration of the project. Follow-up rates for the first three interviews averaged 82%.
                Repeated measures MANCOVAs showed significant group differences favoring the case-managed group in all three areas targeted by the intervention: total income from public sources, nights spent in "own place" out of the previous 60 nights and days drinking out of the previous 30 days. The results held whether the three variables were analyzed jointly or separately and for alternative measures of drinking and homelessness. Although statistically significant, the group differences are generally not large.
                The results indicate that case management had a beneficial effect on the clients receiving it. This effect may have been the result of an increase in services received by the case-managed clients. A controlled investigation was conducted to assess and compare the treatment outcomes of community and hospital care for children with behavior disorders. Findings showed that (1) community care was effective with regard to behavioral control, and (2) both treatments were comparable concerning educational achievement, parent role function, family adjustment, and parent satisfaction with treatment. It was noted that many severely disturbed children who are in dire socioeconomic predicaments can be maintained in the community with special care and intervention. While research has shown community-based psychiatric care to be as good as, or better than, hospital-based care, generalisation to clinical practice has been difficult. This prospective, randomised controlled study examined a community-based approach feasible within NHS conditions. Ninety-four patients were randomly allocated to experimental and 78 to control treatments and followed for one year. The groups were well matched apart from an excess of psychotic control patients. No differences in clinical or social functioning outcome were found. Both groups improved substantially on clinical measures in the first six weeks, with some slow consolidation thereafter. There were three suicides in the control group and one in the experimental group. Access to care was better in the experimental group (93% attended assessment) than in the control group (75% attended assessment).
The limited evidence suggests that home management is cost effective and preferred by patients. Further large trials comparing these treatments are unlikely to occur. Therefore, home treatment is likely to become the norm; further research will be directed to resolving practical issues.