Q:

How do I find where a line intersects itself?

I am using Python 3.7 with Shapely and GeoPandas.
I have a big line of 181,000 points, and would like to find all the points where the line intersects itself. It does so a lot.
I don't need a new point at the precise intersection, just one of the existing points which is closest.
I have been writing code to loop through the points and find other points close by using. 
for i,point in gdf.iterrows():
    gdf[gdf.geometry.intersects(point.buffer(10) == True].index.tolist()

Where gdf is a geopandas GeoDataFrame where each row is a point from the line. 
(eg it looks like this:)
   geometry
0  POINT (-47.91000 -15.78000)
1  POINT (-47.92000 -15.78000)

But surely there is a way to do this using existing functions?
My way is very slow and records many duplicates at each intersection, so will require more code to reduce each intersection to one point.

A:

Here's how I did it

slice the first feature
make a unary_union of the rest of the feature
do line intersections using shapely 
you'll get one point of intersection.
now repeat for the second, third, fourth, and so on.

here's the example.

suppose a geodataframe (gdf) of 6 lines like this GeoJSON

then, apply this code to the gdf. This is returning the geometry of the intersections

# the points of intersections will be appended here
points=[]
for i in gdf.id:
    print(i)
    # check overlap
    feature = gdf[gdf['id']==i]['geometry'][i]
    overlap_feature = gdf[gdf['id']!=i]['geometry'].unary_union
    intersects = feature.intersection(overlap_feature)
    points.append(intersects)
points

now, make a GeoDataFrame out of the points

intersections = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    {"id": [n for n,i in enumerate(points)]},
    crs={'init':'epsg:4326'},
    geometry=points
)

here's the plot of the result

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig,ax = plt.subplots()
intersections.plot(color="r", ax=ax,zorder=2)
gdf.plot(ax=ax,zorder=1)

the intersections data frame has Point and MultiPoint geometries. But there's a problem here... the points are intersecting. here's how to delete the overlapping points
from shapely.geometry import Point

# convert the multipoints into points 
intersections['ispoint'] = intersections['geometry'].apply(lambda x: isinstance(x, Point)) #backup
is_point = intersections[intersections.ispoint] #check if it's point
was_multipoint = intersections[~intersections.ispoint].explode().reset_index() # converting the multipoint into points 

# now appending both data frames.
now_point = is_point.append(was_multipoint)
now_point.reset_index(inplace=True)
now_point = now_point[['id','geometry']]
now_point['id'] = now_point.index
# ok, now_point contains all intersections, but the points are still overlapping each other

# delete overlapping points
intersections2 = now_point.copy()
points=[]
n= 0
for i in intersections2.id:
    # check overlap
    feature = intersections2[intersections2['id']==i]['geometry'][i]
    overlap_feature = intersections2[intersections2['id']!=i]['geometry'].unary_union

    # IF the point is intersecting with other points, delete the point!
    if feature.intersects(overlap_feature):
        intersections2.drop(i, inplace=True)
    print(n, feature.intersects(overlap_feature))
    n+=1
intersections2

the result is the same, but the intersection points won't overlap each other. here's the plot, and there are 6 row of dataframe, I checked.
edit: note, using `unary_union` means that if we have a large dataset, this may be RAM consuming.

A:

This splits each line at each vertice and then use crosses on all combinations of split lines:
import geopandas as gpd
from shapely.geometry import LineString
from itertools import combinations
from collections import defaultdict

df = gpd.read_file('/home/bera/Desktop/crossing_lines.shp')

def findcrossings(line1, line2):
    crossings = []
    if line1.crosses(line2):
        crossings.append(line1.intersection(line2))
    return crossings

results = defaultdict(list)
indices = df.index.to_list()
for i in indices: #For each row/feature/line
    line = df.geometry.iloc[i] #Fetch the geometry
    verts = [v for v in line.coords] #List all vertices
    segments = []
    for p1, p2 in zip(verts, verts[1:]): #For each pair of vertices (x1,y1) , (x2,y2)
        segment = LineString([p1, p2]) #create a line segment
        segments.append(segment)
    for l1, l2 in combinations(segments,2): #For all combinations of segments
        res = findcrossings(l1, l2) #Find crossings
        if len(res)>0:
            results[i].extend(res)

#results    
#defaultdict(list,
#            {0: [<shapely.geometry.point.Point at 0x7f5c83f356d0>,
#              <shapely.geometry.point.Point at 0x7f5c83f35990>,
#              <shapely.geometry.point.Point at 0x7f5c83f2be50>,
#              <shapely.geometry.point.Point at 0x7f5c83f2b650>]})
#Export results
#gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(geometry=results[0])
#gdf.to_file('/home/bera/Desktop/crossing_lines_self_intersections.shp')

