Q:

Prove that "Every subspaces of a finite-dimensional vector space is finite-dimensional"

In Sheldon Axler's "Linear Algebra Done Right" 3rd edtion Page 36 he worte:Proof of every subspaces of a finite-dimensional vector space is finite-dimensional
The question is: I do not understand the last sentence"Thus the process eventually terminates, which means that U is finite-dimensional". So far I can understand that the subspace $U$ has limited length of independent vector list, but how to reach from here to the conclusion that subspace $U$ is finite dimensional? By 2.23 we see that the length of spanning list of vectors can be more than(rather than less than) the finite list vetors' length. Thus finite length of  independent vectors list does not imply finite length of spanning list!
My proof: By the definition of subspace, we see that $U$ is a subset of $V$(with some other restrictions). Then, for every $u\in U$, $u\in V$, implying $u\in span(v_1,v_2,...,v_m)$ for $V= span (v_1,v_2,...,v_m)$ (Here I used the difinition 2.10). QED.

2.23 Length of linearly independent list
length of spanning list In a ﬁnite-dimensional vector space, the length of every linearly
independent list of vectors is less than or equal to the length of
every spanning list of vectors.
2.10 Deﬁnition ﬁnite-dimensional vectors pace
A vector space is called ﬁnite-dimensional if some list of vectors in it spans the space.

Please verify why Professor Axler's proof is valid and point out any mistakes I've made in my understanding or proof if there are some, thanks in advance!

A:

The proof in the book is correct and yours isn't.
Indeed, it cannot be proved that a subspace of a finitely generated vector space $V$ is finitely generate only on the basis of the vector space axioms, without using a very specific property of the field of scalars, namely that it is a field, so a noetherian ring.
It is true that any $u\in U$ is a linear combination of a spanning set for $V$, but what you need is a finite set of vectors in $U$ (not just in $V$) that spans $U$.
The key points in the proof are:

no linearly independent set of vectors can have more elements than the dimension of the space $V$;
if $(v_1,\dots,v_{j-1})$ is linearly independent and $v_j\notin\operatorname{span}(v_1,\dots,v_{j-1})$, then also $(v_1,\dots,v_{j-1},v_j)$ is linearly independent.

If $U$ were not finitely generated, then the process outlined in the proof, which uses the second key point, would not stop, contradicting the first key point.
Note that the first key point relies on the fact that nonzero scalars have an inverse. Without this property, one cannot prove it.

