Q:

C type casting with "const" keyword

I usually use C type casting in C/C++ code. My question is, does adding the "const" keyword in the casting type mean anything to the result?
For example, I can think up several scenarios:
const my_struct *func1()
{
   my_struct *my_ptr = new my_struct;

   // modify member variables

   return (const my_struct *)my_ptr;
   // return my_instance;
}

In this one, the function constructs a new instance of a struct, and casting it to to a constant pointer, therefore caller will not be able to further modify its internal state except deleting it. Is the "const" casting required, recommended, or simply unnecessary, since either return statement works.
In this one, my_base is the base class of my_derive.
const my_base *func2(const my_derive *my_ptr)
{
    return (const my_base *)my_ptr;
    // return (my_base *)my_ptr;
}

Since my_ptr is already a const pointer, would casting it with (my_base *) involve a const_cast for removing const and another implicit const_cast when returning?
Is there any reason to add "const" to an integer function argument, since changing it never affect state outside the function?
void func3(const int i)
{
    // i = 0; is not allowed, but why, as it is harmless?
}

How about adding "const" when casting an integer? I think this should resemble func2().
void func4(short i)
{
    const unsigned int j = (const unsigned int) i;
    // const unsigned int j = (unsigned int) i;
}

Correct me if I'm wrong. Considering type casting might be an FAQ, I'm not sure if this one duplicates with anything else. Thanks!

A:

Adding the const keyword in the casting type means that the result will be constant. The following will not compile in C++ (in C it has no effect):
int* x = (const int*)malloc(10); // cannot convert from 'const int *' to 'int *'

You really shouldn't use C type casting in your C++ code. It is not safe and should be used only for compatibility with the legacy C code. You should use C++ casts instead.
In cases as in func3 usually const qualifier is not used. There's no big reason to add const qualifier to function argument if it has not pointer or not reference type. Consider the following:
void func3(      TYPE i);  // no reason to use `const`
void func3(const TYPE& i); // use `const`, so as not to accidentally change `i`

When you assign lvalue to rvalue, as in func4, there's no need to explicitly specify the const qualifier in the cast expression. Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion will be performed implicitly according to the C++ Standard 4.1.

A:

Adding const to a cast is just like adding const to any other type specifier --- the resulting object is const. what this means depends on the context. If you add const at the top level (e.g. const int or const foo or int* const, then you just have a const object. In most cases this can be copied and assigned just like a non-const object can (though there's a few exceptions, like std::auto_ptr).
If you add the const to a pointer then you can also add it to the pointed-to type. e.g. int * const is a const pointer to a plain int, whereas const int* or int const* is a plain pointer to a const int.
int i;
int* p = (int* const) &i; // fine; top-level const not a problem
int* p2 = (int const*) &i; // error; pointed-to object is const, so this is preserved
int const* p3= (int const*) &i; // OK

const at the top level in a parameter declaration is just like declaring any other local variable const --- you cannot modify the named object within the function body. However, this const does not form part of the function type, so you can forward-declare the function without (with conforming compilers at least).
void func(int i); // forward-declare func
void func(const int i) // this matches the declaration
{
    // i is const here
}

This could be argued to be good style --- whether or not the variable is treated as const inside the function is an implementation detail so shouldn't be in the prototype. Within the definition, it follows the guideline of declaring something const if you don't intend to modify it.  
Using const elsewhere in the parameter declaration (e.g. as part of a pointer) does affect the function type, as with the casts.

