Q:

What is a probabilistic function and where can I learn more about them?

I am reading a paper on privacy that says we can model something as an arbitrary probabilistic function from $X^M \to X^M$.  I'm trying to figure out what exactly that means.  I saw another paper that defined a probabilistic function as a function $\mathcal{F}:X \times Y \to [0, 1]$ that satisfied the condition $$\forall x \in X: \sum_{y \in Y} \mathcal{F}(x, y) \leq 1.$$  But that definition doesn't seem to make sense if the function can take on values in the space $X^M$ where $X$ is an arbitrary set of objects.  So what exactly are probabilistic functions?
Thanks so much!

A:

The definition you give is essentially the one you need. A probabilistic function from $X$ to $Y$ assigns to each $x\in X$ a subdistribution of elements of $Y$ (rather than a single $y\in Y$). Such a subdistribution is a function $\delta:Y\to[0,1]$ such that
$\sum_{y\in Y}\delta(y)\leq 1$.
In other words, a probabilistic function $X\to Y$ is a function $f:X\to(Y\to [0,1])$, i.e. $f:X\times Y\to [0,1]$, such that for all $x\in X,$
$\sum_{y\in Y}f(x,y)\leq 1$.
In your case, both domain and codomain are $X^M$; a probabilistic function from $X^M$ to $X^M$ then is a function $f:X^M\times X^M\to [0,1]$ such that for all $x\in X^M$,
$\sum_{y\in X^M} f(x,y)\leq 1$.
The intended meaning of this is that the function still returns a single point when given some input, but this point is chosen randomly according to the relevant distribution. For example, if $M=2$, and $f(1,2) = \{(1,1)\mapsto 0.5,(2,2)\mapsto 0.5\}$ (all others being $0$), then when you call $f(1,2)$, you will get $(1,1)$ or $(2,2)$ each with probability $0.5$.

