Q:

Power surge PC damage: How can I test all components of my PC without access to a second computer?

Ever since we had some crazy power surges last week my 64 bit Windows 7 PC has been acting strange. My USB network adapter disconnects from the wireless and can't detect the signal. I have to disable/reenable the adapter to detect it again. Also my wife has reported that the PC has rebooted a few times while I'm not sitting at it.
Today, I finally caught the reboot while I was using the PC. I got this blue screen of death. Stop Code 0x00000109:

"Modification of system code or a
  critical data structure was detected."

I followed the advice at the linked article and ran a memory test. I used memtest86 and it has already found around 300,000 errors out of 8 gigs of ram.
Now I'm worried -- what are the odds this is isolated to just my memory and not a system wide problem? Isn't there a good chance that many other components are fried? More importantly, how can I test those other components? Are there tools similar to memtest I can use to test my motherboard/video card/power supply? If these are vender specific, is it typical for vendors to provide testing tools?

A:

First off I suggest that you invest in a high quality surge protector and make sure that your PC is protected.  Another suggestion is investing in a UPS (Uniterupted Power Supply) as these will supply power to your computer during power outtages, and depending on the type will notify your PC that power has been cut and will properly shut down your PC.  
Also, with the fact that there are errors I want to make sure that you do replace those memory modules as (one) maybe more are bad.
Finally, before I get into actual testing, a fresh install of Windows may be a smart thing to do.  If system files were being accessed at the time of the power outage, then they may have become corrupted.
With those things said, here are some tools that you can use:

Memory:  Memtest86+ is the best option I have seen so far
Hard Drives: Ultimate Boot CD has a great collection of diagnositc software for testing all sorts of brands of HDD's
GPU:  This is a little more difficult as there is no (that I know of) targeted diagnostic software to test GPU's, however the use of benchmark software like FurMark can be used.  Run the benchmark and if there are errors or system crashes then there is a possible issue
Power Supply: The best way to test these is to purchase a specific Power Supply tester which will measure the voltages output by the PSU and tell you if there are problems
CPU: Similar to the GPU there is no direct software to test that I know of.  However you can use benchmark software like Prime95
Motherboard: This is very, very difficult to directly test.  In my experience it's been if you know everything else is working, and there are still crashes.  There are some symptoms that you may look at but there is no direct testing that can be done (besides replacing and checking).

