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oercommons:lesson:14998 | {
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oercommons:lesson:14999 | {
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"original": "# Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders\n\n<img src=\"media/images/95/img_95b50fd4686179a97911.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe how a karyogram is created\n- Explain how nondisjunction leads to disorders in chromosome number\n- Compare disorde... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15000 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15001 | {
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"original": "# Historical Basis of Modern Understanding\n\n<img src=\"media/images/dd/img_dd16a64aaf31c0b247f1.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Explain transformation of DNA\n- Describe the key experiments that helped identify that DNA is the genetic material\n- State... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15002 | {
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"original": "# DNA Structure and Sequencing\n\n<img src=\"media/images/5a/img_5a59abf182946ed7606a.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the structure of DNA\n- Explain the Sanger method of DNA sequencing\n- Discuss the similarities and differences between eukaryo... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15003 | {
"language": "en",
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"original": "# Basics of DNA Replication\n\n<img src=\"media/images/0c/img_0c900770b7b22e2800c3.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Explain how the structure of DNA reveals the replication process\n- Describe the Meselson and Stahl experiments\n\nThe elucidation of the s... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15004 | {
"language": "en",
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"original": "# DNA Replication in Prokaryotes\n\n<img src=\"media/images/44/img_447a3fc2295b3840847d.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Explain the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes\n- Discuss the role of different enzymes and proteins in supporting this process... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15005 | {
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"original": "# DNA Replication in Eukaryotes\n\n<img src=\"media/images/a3/img_a3cf5b8598f513dfa1db.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Discuss the similarities and differences between DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes\n- State the role of telomerase in DNA r... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15006 | {
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"original": "# DNA Repair\n\n<img src=\"media/images/c8/img_c85ac5ae9e2bfd81d9e9.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Discuss the different types of mutations in DNA\n- Explain DNA repair mechanisms\n\nDNA replication is a highly accurate process, but mistakes can occasio... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15007 | {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/9c/img_9c0673d1af46d0757d69.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/11/img_11740307031dc3710e74.jpg\" />\n\n*Genes, which are carried on (a) chromosomes, are linearly organized instructions for making the RNA and protein molecules that are necessary for all of proc... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15008 | {
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"original": "# The Genetic Code\n\n<img src=\"media/images/ac/img_ac94f9251a7883d3966c.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Explain the “central dogma” of protein synthesis\n- Describe the genetic code and how the nucleotide sequence prescribes the amino acid and the prot... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15009 | {
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"original": "# Prokaryotic Transcription\n\n<img src=\"media/images/cf/img_cf9663c67dfc651fe527.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- List the different steps in prokaryotic transcription\n- Discuss the role of promoters in prokaryotic transcription\n- Describe how and whe... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15010 | {
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"original": "# Eukaryotic Transcription\n\n<img src=\"media/images/89/img_8922dd96a2308aa02011.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- List the steps in eukaryotic transcription\n- Discuss the role of RNA polymerases in transcription\n- Compare and contrast the three RNA pol... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15011 | {
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"original": "# RNA Processing in Eukaryotes\n\n<img src=\"media/images/92/img_92eb61e827e651d0073b.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the different steps in RNA processing\n- Understand the significance of exons, introns, and splicing\n- Explain how tRNAs and r... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15012 | {
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"original": "# Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis\n\n<img src=\"media/images/ee/img_ee7d430b5985c98c6ef9.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the different steps in protein synthesis\n- Discuss the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis\n\nThe synthesis of proteins ... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15016 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15017 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15018 | {
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"original": "# Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation\n\n<img src=\"media/images/8e/img_8ebfa8515c479398aa3b.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Understand RNA splicing and explain its role in regulating gene expression\n- Describe the importance of RNA stabilit... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15019 | {
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"original": "# Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation\n\n<img src=\"media/images/ec/img_ec6a90086eae10ad2fd2.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Understand the process of translation and discuss its key factors\n- Describe how the initiation comp... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15020 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15021 | {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/3d/img_3d488b3e533d50f65312.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/f9/img_f99371c329202070c77c.jpg\" />\n\n*In genomics, the DNA of different organisms is compared, enabling scientists to create maps with which to navigate the DNA of different organisms. (credit \... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15022 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15023 | {
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"original": "# Mapping Genomes\n\n<img src=\"media/images/13/img_138651983e84d7bca6f8.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Define genomics\n- Describe genetic and physical maps\n- Describe genomic mapping methods\n\n**Genomics** is the study of entire genomes, including t... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15024 | {
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"original": "# Whole-Genome Sequencing\n\n<img src=\"media/images/7a/img_7adc25d94caf7dcd1779.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe three types of sequencing\n- Define whole-genome sequencing\n\nAlthough there have been significant advances in the medical sciences... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15025 | {
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"original": "# Applying Genomics\n\n<img src=\"media/images/46/img_46d23e40a70f7d25ef54.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Explain pharmacogenomics\n- Define polygenic\n\nThe introduction of DNA sequencing and whole genome sequencing projects, particularly the Human Gen... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15026 | {
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"original": "# Genomics and Proteomics\n\n<img src=\"media/images/7d/img_7d0faef730a4b7d187d7.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Explain systems biology\n- Describe a proteome\n- Define protein signature\n\nProteins are the final products of genes, which help perform th... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15027 | {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/d5/img_d528ed63ed936691058a.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/09/img_090bb8725e8a8ea82388.jpg\" />\n\n*All organisms are products of evolution adapted to their environment. (a) Saguaro (*Carnegiea gigantea*) can soak up 750 liters of water in a single rain st... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15028 | {
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"original": "# Understanding Evolution\n\n<img src=\"media/images/31/img_316bf1a515ba50ca769b.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe how the present-day theory of evolution was developed\n- Define adaptation\n- Explain convergent and divergent evolution\n- Describe... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15032 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15033 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15034 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15035 | {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/db/img_db63a8fa92a0f1b2470d.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/86/img_8628d94d8b7551f95a42.jpg\" />\n\n*The life of a bee is very different from the life of a flower, but the two organisms are related. Both are members the domain Eukarya and have cells contain... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15036 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15037 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15038 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15039 | {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/4c/img_4c03fef9931b2854c197.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/16/img_1622e6306e0d99617aa1.jpg\" />\n\n*The tobacco mosaic virus (left), seen here by transmission electron microscopy, was the first virus to be discovered. The virus causes disease in tobacco an... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15040 | {
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"original": "# Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification\n\n<img src=\"media/images/bc/img_bc07f82d191ceff27f89.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe how viruses were first discovered and how they are detected\n- Discuss three hypotheses about how viruses ev... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15041 | {
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"original": "# Virus Infections and Hosts\n\n<img src=\"media/images/01/img_01435efd49b57de79df5.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- List the steps of replication and explain what occurs at each step\n- Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of virus replication\n- Expl... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15042 | {
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"original": "# Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections\n\n<img src=\"media/images/39/img_397650079846f6fdece1.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Identify major viral illnesses that affect humans\n- Compare vaccinations and anti-viral drugs as medical approaches to ... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15043 | {
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"original": "# Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids\n\n<img src=\"media/images/c4/img_c472682ca18251c41d3e.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe prions and their basic properties\n- Define viroids and their targets of infection\n\nPrions and viroids are **... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15044 | {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/1a/img_1a09404f7c499f9b306f.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/f7/img_f74a1fb67f699caa80c0.jpg\" />\n\n*Protists range from the microscopic, single-celled (a) *Acanthocystis turfacea* and the (b) ciliate *Tetrahymena thermophila*, both visualized here using li... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15051 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15052 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15053 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15054 | {
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"original": "# Ecology of Protists\n\n<img src=\"media/images/b1/img_b1b32a4cabb8fb364368.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the role that protists play in the ecosystem\n- Describe important pathogenic species of protists\n\nProtists function in various ecolog... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15055 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15056 | {
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"original": "# Characteristics of Fungi\n\n<img src=\"media/images/2c/img_2c0d1857a18a732fe04f.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- List the characteristics of fungi\n- Describe the composition of the mycelium\n- Describe the mode of nutrition of fungi\n- Explain sexual a... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15057 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15058 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15060 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15061 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15062 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15063 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15064 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15065 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15066 | {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/4b/img_4b215007149ae9b03087.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/6d/img_6d4644ddcc2c5ca3fa70.jpg\" />\n\n*Seed plants dominate the landscape and play an integral role in human societies. (a) Palm trees grow along the shoreline; (b) wheat is a crop grown in most ... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15067 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15068 | {
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"original": "# Gymnosperms\n\n<img src=\"media/images/1e/img_1eb48566abe20c9d89ae.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Discuss the type of seeds produced by gymnosperms, as well as other characteristics of gymnosperms\n- State which period saw the first appearance of gymn... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15069 | {
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"original": "# Angiosperms\n\n<img src=\"media/images/de/img_de3fc597bd5da97f6a71.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Explain why angiosperms are the dominant form of plant life in most terrestrial ecosystems\n- Describe the main parts of a flower and their purpose\n- De... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15070 | {
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"original": "# The Role of Seed Plants\n\n<img src=\"media/images/01/img_01bc9742b5a76041872f.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Explain how angiosperm diversity is due, in part, to multiple interactions with animals\n- Describe ways in which pollination occurs\n- Discu... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15071 | {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/5f/img_5f42638b6b9ff876a6d1.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/c5/img_c50a676b7c8a859d389d.jpg\" />\n\n*The leaf chameleon (*Brookesia micra*) was discovered in northern Madagascar in 2012. At just over one inch long, it is the smallest known chameleon. (credi... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15072 | {
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"original": "# Features of the Animal Kingdom\n\n<img src=\"media/images/6f/img_6f0052daadcb0929ddc7.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- List the features that distinguish the kingdom Animalia from other kingdoms\n- Explain the processes of animal reproduction and embryo... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15073 | {
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"original": "# Features Used to Classify Animals\n\n<img src=\"media/images/c0/img_c031789bd9d98fd56046.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Explain the differences in animal body plans that support basic animal classification\n- Compare and contrast the embryonic develop... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15074 | {
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"original": "# Animal Phylogeny\n\n<img src=\"media/images/45/img_45e86fa0bd58913067ea.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Interpret the metazoan phylogenetic tree\n- Describe the types of data that scientists use to construct and revise animal phylogeny\n- List some of ... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15075 | {
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"original": "# The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom\n\n<img src=\"media/images/df/img_df1bce3f7e74b136cee0.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the features that characterized the earliest animals and when they appeared on earth\n- Explain the significa... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15076 | {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/52/img_5293a31b125a72675b7c.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/27/img_27fff2d9af091c7f0384.jpg\" />\n\n*Nearly 97 percent of animal species are invertebrates, including this sea star (*Astropecten articulates*) common to the eastern and southern coasts of the ... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15077 | {
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"original": "# Phylum Porifera\n\n<img src=\"media/images/fa/img_fa345245edab79106781.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the organizational features of the simplest multicellular organisms\n- Explain the various body forms and bodily functions of sponges\n\nThe... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15078 | {
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"original": "# Phylum Cnidaria\n\n<img src=\"media/images/c6/img_c661688f37f3047fc7a1.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Compare structural and organization characteristics of Porifera and Cnidaria\n- Describe the progressive development of tissues and their relevance t... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15079 | {
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"original": "# Superphylum Lophotrochozoa\n\n<img src=\"media/images/ef/img_efd2a54d8eca556d2119.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the unique anatomical and morphological features of flatworms, rotifers, Nemertea, mollusks, and annelids\n- Describe the develop... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15080 | {
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"original": "# Superphylum Ecdysozoa\n\n<img src=\"media/images/0c/img_0cb0fe5abad5a9d95e81.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the structural organization of nematodes\n- Understand the importance of Caenorhabditis elegans in research\n- Compare the internal sy... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15081 | {
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"original": "# Superphylum Deuterostomia\n\n<img src=\"media/images/62/img_62a1a17f8a82f5acc237.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the distinguishing characteristics of echinoderms\n- Describe the distinguishing characteristics of chordates\n\nThe phyla Echinod... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15082 | {
"language": "en",
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"document_url": "https://oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/15082/overview",
"authors": [],
"subject": "Applied Science, Life Science, Biology",
"material_type": "Modul... | CC-BY-NC-4.0 | {
"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/5c/img_5c1bed1c3d982e010c4e.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/0d/img_0dac1c569f22a8b16f89.jpg\" />\n\n*Examples of critically endangered vertebrate species include (a) the Siberian tiger (*Panthera tigris*), (b) the mountain gorilla (*Gorilla beringei*), and ... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15083 | {
"language": "en",
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"document_url": "https://oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/15083/overview",
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"original": "# Chordates\n\n<img src=\"media/images/7d/img_7d754703de4f842b02ad.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the distinguishing characteristics of chordates\n- Identify the derived character of craniates that sets them apart from other chordates\n- Descri... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15084 | {
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"original": "# Fishes\n\n<img src=\"media/images/24/img_241ee66e4a972f159378.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the difference between jawless and jawed fishes\n- Discuss the distinguishing features of sharks and rays compared to other modern fishes\n\nModern f... | {
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{
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oercommons:lesson:15085 | {
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"original": "# Amphibians\n\n<img src=\"media/images/84/img_84812dfe6ea7f0f29792.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the important difference between the life cycle of amphibians and the life cycles of other vertebrates\n- Distinguish between the characteristics... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15086 | {
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"original": "# Reptiles\n\n<img src=\"media/images/c0/img_c007d8ed736adba96b7f.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the main characteristics of amniotes\n- Explain the difference between anapsids, synapsids, and diapsids, and give an example of each\n- Identify t... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15087 | {
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"original": "# Birds\n\n<img src=\"media/images/ee/img_ee2a80f83ba25cb22a07.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the evolutionary history of birds\n- Describe the derived characteristics in birds that facilitate flight\n\nThe most obvious characteristic that sets... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15088 | {
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"original": "# Mammals\n\n<img src=\"media/images/c7/img_c710a0b2d1e5979f35f6.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Name and describe the distinguishing features of the three main groups of mammals\n- Describe the proposed line of descent that produced mammals\n- List some... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15089 | {
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"original": "# The Evolution of Primates\n\n<img src=\"media/images/8e/img_8e308fe2777e72e5a9b7.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe the derived features that distinguish primates from other animals\n- Explain why scientists are having difficulty determining the ... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15090 | {
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"ori_meta": {
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"original": "# Introduction\n\n<img src=\"media/images/f5/img_f582b56b21c48cb0df4f.jpg\" />\n\n<img src=\"media/images/75/img_754fe2fdeb73ae4155bf.jpg\" />\n\n*A locust leaf consists of leaflets arrayed along a central midrib. Each leaflet is a complex photosynthetic machine, exquisitely adapted to capture sunlight... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15091 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15092 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15093 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15094 | {
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"original": "# Leaves\n\n<img src=\"media/images/1e/img_1eadb8c043dfacf30242.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Identify the parts of a typical leaf\n- Describe the internal structure and function of a leaf\n- Compare and contrast simple leaves and compound leaves\n- Li... | {
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oercommons:lesson:15095 | {
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oercommons:lesson:15096 | {
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"original": "# Plant Sensory Systems and Responses\n\n<img src=\"media/images/cd/img_cde2e3d9dc8dafef8bd5.jpg\" />\n\n## Overview\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n\n- Describe how red and blue light affect plant growth and metabolic activities\n- Discuss gravitropism\n- Understand how hormones a... | {
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