Qwen3 8B β€” Italian Cultural Alignment [V3 β€” Mixed Training]

Qwen3 8B [V3] is a LoRA adapter fine-tuned on top of Qwen/Qwen3-8B to improve Italian cultural alignment using a hybrid training technique β€” interleaving thinking-format and non-thinking-format examples in a single SFT pass via ThinkingMode.MIXED. Trained on the Mult-IT dataset and evaluated on the ITALIC benchmark. V3 is the final version in the series and the only configuration where both inference modes improved simultaneously.

Author: Maruf Bepary, King's College London
Research report: Alignment in Large Language Models


Model Summary

Property Value
Base model Qwen/Qwen3-8B
PEFT type LoRA
Task Causal language modelling (Italian Q&A / instruction following)
Training dataset Mult-IT (mixed-format samples)
Evaluation benchmark ITALIC (10,000 questions)
No Thinking accuracy (V3) 73.81% (+3.64 pp over baseline)
Thinking accuracy (V3) 77.57% (+3.08 pp over baseline)
Trainable parameters 65,470,464 / 8,256,205,824 (0.79%)

Intended Use

This model is intended for:

  • Italian language understanding β€” multiple-choice Q&A, cultural knowledge, and general instruction following in Italian. Both inference modes (No Thinking and Thinking) are fully functional.
  • Research β€” studying hybrid training techniques for preserving dual-mode capabilities in reasoning language models; demonstrating that simultaneous improvement across both inference modes is achievable.
  • Benchmarking β€” comparing Italian cultural alignment and reasoning performance across model sizes and training strategies.

Not recommended for:

  • High-stakes or safety-critical applications.
  • Languages other than Italian.
  • Tasks requiring peak No Thinking performance only β€” V1 marginally outperforms V3 in No Thinking mode (73.77% vs 73.81%).

Key Finding β€” Dual-Mode Improvement

The hybrid training technique is the only configuration in the Qwen3 series where both inference modes improved simultaneously:

Mode Baseline V3 Delta
No Thinking (total) 70.17% 73.81% +3.64 pp
Thinking (total) 74.49% 77.57% +3.08 pp

V1 improved No Thinking but collapsed Thinking (59.33%, βˆ’15.16 pp). V2 recovered Thinking (77.87%) but left No Thinking nearly unchanged (70.27%). V3 interleaves both formats in training, allowing the model to simultaneously retain chain-of-thought capability and improve Italian cultural knowledge.


Version Series

Version Training Format No Thinking Total Thinking Total Key Result
V1 Non-thinking only 73.77% (+3.60) 59.33% (βˆ’15.16) Thinking collapsed
V2 Thinking only 70.27% (+0.10) 77.87% (+3.38) Thinking recovered
V3 Mixed (both) 73.81% (+3.64) 77.57% (+3.08) Both modes improved

Training Details

LoRA Configuration

Parameter Value
LoRA rank (r) 24
LoRA alpha 48
LoRA dropout 0.1
Target modules q_proj, k_proj, v_proj, o_proj, gate_proj, up_proj, down_proj
Bias none

Training Hyperparameters

Parameter Value
Training mode ThinkingMode.MIXED
Epochs 2
Per-device batch size 4
Sequence packing Yes (max 2,048 tokens per slot)
Peak learning rate ~4Γ—10⁻⁡
LR schedule Cosine
Warmup steps ~10%
Max sequence length 2,048 tokens

Framework & Hardware

Component Version / Spec
TRL 0.21.0
PEFT 0.17.0
Transformers 4.55.0
PyTorch 2.5.1+cu121
Hardware NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090

Training Dataset β€” Mult-IT (Mixed Format)

  • Dataset: Mult-IT β€” Multiple Choice Questions on Multiple Topics in Italian
  • Source: CALAMITA Shared Task @ CLiC-it 2024
  • Language: Italian
  • Format: Single SFT pass with ThinkingMode.MIXED; thinking-format and non-thinking-format examples interleaved
  • Reference: Mult-IT: Multiple Choice Questions on Multiple Topics in Italian (2024)

ITALIC Benchmark Results

Benchmark: ITALIC (NAACL 2025) β€” Italian Culture-Aware Natural Language Benchmark
Format: Zero-shot, multiple-choice (12 categories, 10,000 questions)
System prompt: "Sei un assistente utile."

No Thinking Mode β€” V3 vs Baseline

Baseline = Qwen3 8B (No Thinking), no fine-tuning.

Category Baseline V3 Ξ”
Art 69.29 71.78 +2.49
Civic 73.18 75.66 +2.48
Events 76.09 77.17 +1.08
Geography 75.89 77.81 +1.92
History 71.37 74.60 +3.23
Literature 64.33 69.58 +5.25
Tourism 68.27 69.98 +1.71
Lexicon 84.27 86.72 +2.45
Morphology 50.71 52.86 +2.15
Orthography 54.04 62.69 +8.65
Synonyms 84.04 90.71 +6.67
Syntax 59.20 61.25 +2.05
Culture (subtotal) 70.47 73.29 +2.82
Language (subtotal) 69.73 74.58 +4.85
Total 70.17 73.81 +3.64

Thinking Mode β€” V3 vs Baseline

Baseline = Qwen3 8B (Thinking), no fine-tuning.

Category Baseline V3 Ξ”
Art 74.85 76.77 +1.92
Civic 74.07 76.26 +2.19
Events 76.09 76.11 +0.02
Geography 81.44 83.47 +2.03
History 71.26 76.62 +5.36
Literature 70.06 74.08 +4.02
Tourism 66.87 71.43 +4.56
Lexicon 89.82 90.12 +0.30
Morphology 54.14 59.14 +5.00
Orthography 68.67 71.88 +3.21
Synonyms 91.57 92.26 +0.69
Syntax 59.04 65.58 +6.54
Culture (subtotal) 73.13 76.43 +3.30
Language (subtotal) 76.49 79.25 +2.76
Total 74.49 77.57 +3.08

Comparison with Other Models (No Thinking, ITALIC Total)

Model Total Parameters
Llama 3.1 70B 83.61% 70B
GPT-4o Mini 82.22% ~8B
Qwen3 14B (No Thinking) 77.78% 14B
Llama 3.1 8B Ita [V1] 73.91% 8B
Qwen3 8B (No Thinking) [V3] 73.81% 8B
Qwen3 8B (No Thinking) [V1] 73.77% 8B
Qwen3 8B (No Thinking) baseline 70.17% 8B
Llama 3.1 8B 66.38% 8B

All scores evaluated under identical zero-shot conditions on the ITALIC benchmark.


Usage

Both thinking and no-thinking modes work well with this adapter.

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
from peft import PeftModel
import torch

base_model_id = "Qwen/Qwen3-8B"
adapter_id = "maruf-bepary/qwen3-8b-italian-v3-mixed"

# Load tokeniser and base model
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(base_model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    base_model_id,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    device_map="auto",
)

# Load LoRA adapter
model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(model, adapter_id)
model.eval()

messages = [
    {"role": "system", "content": "Sei un assistente utile."},
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": (
            "Qual Γ¨ la capitale d'Italia?\n"
            "A) Milano\nB) Roma\nC) Napoli\nD) Torino\n\n"
            "Rispondi con la lettera della risposta corretta."
        ),
    },
]

# Thinking mode β€” chain-of-thought is fully functional in V3
text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    messages,
    tokenize=False,
    add_generation_prompt=True,
    enable_thinking=True,
)

inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)

with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = model.generate(
        **inputs,
        max_new_tokens=1024,
        do_sample=False,
    )

response = tokenizer.decode(
    outputs[0][inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]:],
    skip_special_tokens=True,
)
print(response)
# No Thinking mode β€” also fully functional in V3
text = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    messages,
    tokenize=False,
    add_generation_prompt=True,
    enable_thinking=False,
)

inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)

with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = model.generate(
        **inputs,
        max_new_tokens=64,
        do_sample=False,
        temperature=None,
        top_p=None,
    )

response = tokenizer.decode(
    outputs[0][inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]:],
    skip_special_tokens=True,
)
print(response)
# Expected output: "B"

Limitations

  • Thinking mode in V3 (77.57%) is marginally below V2 (77.87%) β€” the mixed objective slightly dilutes peak thinking-mode gains relative to thinking-only training.
  • No Thinking mode in V3 (73.81%) is only marginally above V1 (73.77%) β€” mixing adds negligible overhead for this mode.
  • Morphology remains the weakest No Thinking category (52.86%), suggesting limited syntactic generalisation.
  • Benchmark scope β€” evaluation was conducted solely on ITALIC; Italian cultural performance on other benchmarks (e.g. MMLU-IT, HellaSwag-IT) is unverified.
  • Single-GPU training β€” training used one RTX 3090; larger batch sizes or multi-GPU configurations may yield different results.
  • Dataset bias β€” Mult-IT is a multiple-choice dataset; the model may not generalise equally well to open-ended Italian generation tasks.

References

Related resources:

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